Calculating fertilizer value of supplemental feed for cattle on pasture (2006)

Most cattle maintained on pasture receive supplemental feed during some portion of the year. Supplements are commonly fed to grazing cattle when pasture forage quality and quantity are below animal requirements

Ideological Labels in America

This paper extends Ellis and Stimson’s (Ideology in America. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2012) study of the operational-symbolic paradox using issue-level measures of ideological incongruence based on respondent positions and symbolic labels for these positions across 14 issues. Like Ellis and Stimson, we find that substantial numbers—over 30 %—of Americans experience conflicted conservatism. Our issue-level data reveal, furthermore, that conflicted conservatism is most common on the issues of education and welfare spending. In addition, we also find that 20 % of Americans exhibit conflicted liberalism. We then replicate Ellis and Stimson’s finding that conflicted conservatism is associated with low sophistication and religiosity, but also find that it is associated with being socialized in a post-1960s generation and using Fox News as a main news source. Finally, we show the important role played by identities, with both conflicted conservatism and conflicted liberalism linked with partisan and ideological identities, and conflicted liberalism additionally associated with ethnic identities

High-frequency furnace. Technical progress report. Eighth quarterly report for period ending September 30, 1983

An important phase of silicon solar cell production via ingot technology is the conversion of polycrystalline silicon to the single-crystal, ingot form that is required for wafering. In the current art such ingots are produced either by pulling from the melt or by various crucible growth techniques. A characteristic of all of these methods, which use bulk melting, is that a refractory crucible is required to hold the molten charge. This imposes the disadvantages that the silicon is always contaminated to some degree by dissolution of the refractory into the melt, which can reduce solar cell efficiency, and the crucibles themselves represent a significant cost factor. Clearly, elimination of the need for a refractory crucible in the melt growth of single-crystal silicon would be an important process improvement. Work to be conducted is to investigate a radical, new heating technique which holds potential for achieving crucibleless melting. Ingots would be pulled from the melt as per conventional practice. Briefly, a high frequency current (10 KHz) is caused to flow on the surface of a mass of metal as a result of skin effect and proximity effect. By controlling the power input and heat losses from the billet it is anticipated that it will be possible to form and maintain in its top surface a molten pool which will be contained in a solid, outer layer or skull of metal. The basic objectives of the project are to prove the general feasibility of this melting technique. This is to be accomplished by building and operating a small, experimental furnace. To simplify the project as much as possible and to minimize research costs, cast iron will be used in place of silicon for melt experiments