8 research outputs found
Abdominal Distension Associated with Luminal Fungi in the Intestines of Axolotl Larvae
Axolotls show a remarkable regeneration capacity compared with higher vertebrates, regenerating missing appendages such as limbs and tail as well as other body parts (i.e., apex of the heart, forebrain, and jaw) after amputations which makes this animal a very interesting research model for tissue regeneration mechanisms. Larvae are individually housed in a 20% Holtfreter’s solution within clear plastic containers. The photoperiod light : darkness cycle is 12 : 12 h. Larvae with a total body length of less than 5 cm are fed once a day with large brine shrimp and blood worm. Albino larvae appeared to have a tendency to exhibit abdominal distention. No clinical signs of illness seemed to be associated with the condition; however, these animals exhibit a relatively slower growth rate. To better characterize this condition, we performed histological sectioning for cross sectional slide preparation on wild type and albino axolotl larvae following euthanasia. The only lesion seen in the albino larvae was a thickened gut wall and the presence of fungi within the intestines. We hypothesize that this may be due to a lower efficacy of the albino larvae’s immune system
Abdominal Distension Associated with Luminal Fungi in the Intestines of Axolotl Larvae
Axolotls show a remarkable regeneration capacity compared with higher vertebrates, regenerating missing appendages such as limbs and tail as well as other body parts (i.e., apex of the heart, forebrain, and jaw) after amputations which makes this animal a very interesting research model for tissue regeneration mechanisms. Larvae are individually housed in a 20% Holtfreter's solution within clear plastic containers. The photoperiod light : darkness cycle is 12 : 12 h. Larvae with a total body length of less than 5 cm are fed once a day with large brine shrimp and blood worm. Albino larvae appeared to have a tendency to exhibit abdominal distention. No clinical signs of illness seemed to be associated with the condition; however, these animals exhibit a relatively slower growth rate. To better characterize this condition, we performed histological sectioning for cross sectional slide preparation on wild type and albino axolotl larvae following euthanasia. The only lesion seen in the albino larvae was a thickened gut wall and the presence of fungi within the intestines. We hypothesize that this may be due to a lower efficacy of the albino larvae's immune system
Effects of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and alpha-2 adrenergic drugs on equine intestinal motility. An in vitro study
I farmaci analgesici sono ampiamente usati nella pratica clinica equina
per il controllo di diverse patologie e disturbi muscolo-scheletrici,
osteoartiti e disordini addominali come coliche, pneumatosi intestinali
e dislocazioni del cieco e del colon.
I farmaci usati per la loro attività di soppressione del dolore sono
prevalentemente farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei (FANS) ed
analgesici narcotici, nonostante anche altri composti vengano
comunemente impiegati per il loro marcato potere analgesico. E’
questo il caso degli α2-agonisti, nonostante siano più spesso usati
come sedativi.
La scelta tra i diversi tipi di farmaci analgesici è spesso dovuta alla
severità del dolore ed al tipo di patologia così, alcuni FANS, come la
flunixina meglumina, ad esempio, sono particolarmente efficaci
contro il dolore viscerale ma nel caso di coliche, condizione in cui il
soggetto si presenta estremamente ansioso, gli α2-agonisti sembrano
essere i farmaci ideali, potendo essi inibire il dolore e allo stesso
tempo l’ansia e lo stato di agitazione che ne derivano.
2
E’ di fondamentale importanza capire gli effetti degli analgesici sulla
motilità intestinale, sia per quanto riguarda l’efficacia terapeutica, sia
per gli effetti indesiderati, considerando ad esempio che nel cavallo le
coliche sono associate sia all’ipermotilità che all’ipomotilità .
Obiettivo del presente lavoro è stato quello di valutare gli effetti di
alcuni inibitori non selettivi delle ciclossigenasi (COX), (indometacina
e flunixina meglumina), inibitori selettivi della COX-1 (SC-560) e
della COX-2 (celecoxib, DUP-398 e NS-697) sulla motilità dell’ileo
del cavallo. In una fase successiva sono stati valutati anche gli effetti
dei farmaci α2-adrenergici, sia agonisti (xilazina, medetomidina e
detomidina) che antagonisti (atipamezolo e yoimbina) sulla motilitÃ
del digiuno. In entrambi i casi, le valutazioni sono state eseguite in
vitro, attraverso la metodica dell’organo isolato.
Gli inibitori non selettivi delle COX si sono dimostrati privi di effetti
significativi sulla motilità , con l’eccezione della flunixina meglumina
che ha inibito le contrazioni toniche. Il composto SC-560 non ha
causato alcun effetto sulla motilità ileale, così come gli antagonisti dei
recettori delle prostaglandine (PG), mentre gli inibitori selettivi della
COX-2 hanno ridotto sia le contrazioni toniche, sia quelle fasiche
associate alla motilità spontanea.
3
Alcuni campioni di ileo sono stati sottoposti ad un esame istologico e
ad una valutazione genomica (RT-PCR- reverse transcriptionpolymerase
chain reaction) che hanno reso evidente la presenza di
uno stato infiammatorio e di RNA messaggero (mRNA) codificante
per le isoforme della COX. I dati ottenuti ci hanno consentito di
sostenere l’ipotesi per cui gli effetti degli inibitori delle COX
sull’intestino del cavallo non siano legati alla deplezione delle PG.
Per quanto riguarda l’azione dei farmaci α2-agonisti, essi hanno
ridotto in modo dose-dipendente le contrazioni fasiche sia spontanee,
sia indotte dalla stimolazione elettrica. Al contrario, gli antagonisti si
sono dimostrati inefficaci quando testati da soli e hanno avuto un
comportamento anomalo nei confronti degli agonisti.
Infatti, l’antagonismo esercitato dalla dose più alta di atipamezolo e di
yoimbina verso gli agonisti è stata più debole rispetto a quello
esercitato dalla concentrazione inferiore.
I dati ottenuti sembrano indicativi della presenza di α2-adrenocettori
sia presinaptici che postsinaptici con attività inibitoria sulla motilitÃ
del digiuno di cavallo e possono suggerire un’utilità terapeutica di tali
farmaci nei disordini intestinali della specie equina associati ad
ipermotilità .Analgesic drugs are widely used in the equine for the management of
several pathological conditions like musculoskeletal lesions or
ostearthritis and abdominal disorders such as colic, intestinal
pneumatosis and colon and caecum dislocation. Drugs used for their
painkilling activity are mainly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) and narcotic analgesics, but other compounds are
commonly employed for their strong analgesic effect, like α2-agonists,
even if they are usually used as sedatives. The choice between the
different analgesic drugs is often driven by the severity of pain and the
type of disease.
Some NSAIDs, for instance, like flunixin meglumine, are particularly
effective against visceral pain, and the anti-inflammatory properties
possessed by these drugs are often therapeutically crucial. However,
abdominal pain, like in horse colic, is joined by great anxiety of the
animal and, therefore, α2-agonists, for their strong sedative and
analgesic effects, have soon gained a pivotal role in the management
of this kind of disorders.
5
It is very important to understand the effects of analgesic drugs on
intestinal motility, in order to elucidate possible therapeutic activities
as well as noxious effects, considering that horse colic could be
associated both with hypermotility and hypomotility.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of non
selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (indomethacin and
flunixin meglumine), selective COX-1 inhibitors (SC-560) or COX-2
(celecoxib, DUP-398, NS-697) inhibitors on horse ileum. We then
assessed the effects of α2-adrenergic drugs, both agonists (xilazine,
medetomidine, detomine) and antagonists (yohimbine and
atipamezole) on equine jejunum motility. Both studies were
performed using isolated organ baths.
Our data showed that non selective COX inhibitors were devoid of
major effects on motility, except for an inhibition of tonic contraction
shown by flunixine meglumine. SC-560, selective COX-1 inhibitor,
was devoid of major effects on ileal motility. Selective COX-2
inhibitors reduced both tonic contraction and spontaneous phasic
contractions, while prostaglandin (PG) receptors were uneffective.
Some of the intestinal samples were submitted to histological
investigation or reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR),
which revealed the presence of an inflammatory reaction and
6
the presence of both COX isoforms mRNAs. Present data support the
hypothesis that the effects of COX inhibitors on horse small intestinal
motility are not linked to PG depletion.
All tested α2-agonists dose-dependently reduced both spontaneous and
electrically-evoked phasic contractions. Conversely, α2-antagonists
were uneffective when tested alone, and showed a heterogeneous and
dose-independent ability to inhibit agonist activity. In particular, the
antagonism exerted by higher concentrations of both yohimbine and
atipamezole against α2-agonists was weaker than when lower
concentrations were used.
Present data are indicative of the presence of both pre- and postsynaptic
α2-adrenoceptors with inhibitory activity on equine jejunum
motility, and support a possible therapeutic utility of these drugs in
horse intestinal disorders associated with hypermotility
Determinazione della curcumina nel plasma di suino mediante metodica HPLC
Annali della Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria di Parm
Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of multilevel caging on Sprague Dawley rats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia
https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/hidalgocob/1209/thumbnail.jp
Protective effects of proton pump inhibitors against indomethacin-induced lesions in the rat small intestine
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been shown
to be effective in preventing gastric and duodenal ulcers in
high-risk patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs); by contrast, scarce information is available
concerning the effects of PPIs on intestinal damage
induced by NSAIDs in humans or in experimental animals.
We examined the effects of lansoprazole and omeprazole on
the intestinal injury induced by indomethacin in the
conscious rat. PPIs were administered by the intragastric
route at 30, 60 and 90 μmol/kg, 12 h and 30 min before and
6 h after indomethacin treatment. The effects of omeprazole
and lansoprazole were evaluated on: (1) macroscopic and
histologic damage; (2) mucosal polymorphonuclear cell
infiltration; (3) oxidative tissue damage and (4) bacterial
translocation from lumen into the intestinal mucosa.
Lansoprazole and omeprazole (at 90 μmol/kg) significantly
decreased (P<0.01) the macroscopic and histologic damage
induced by indomethacin in the rat small intestine.
Furthermore, both drugs greatly reduced (P<0.01) the
associated increases in myeloperoxidase levels and lipid
peroxidation induced by indomethacin, whereas they only
moderately affected (P<0.05) the translocation of enterobacteria
from lumen into the intestinal mucosa. These data
demonstrate that omeprazole and lansoprazole can protect
the small intestine from the damage induced by indomethacin
in the conscious rat. The intestinal protection, possibly
related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of
these drugs, may suggest new therapeutic uses of PPIs in
intestinal inflammatory diseases