Development of clean renewable fuel from wastewater towards a sustainable energy source using green technology approach: HEC2

Fossil fuel such as diesel and petrol that are drawn from finite resources are non renewable and is becoming more expensive and unaffordable besides polluting the environment. There has been a constant increase in oil price due to depletion of fossil fuel resources and increase in energy demand (due to intensive industrialization, population and automotive activities). Furthermore fossil fuel bums incompletely thus contributes to emission of greenhouse gasses, global warming and other detrimental environmental problems. Therefore a cheaper, cleaner, sustainable and environmental friendly fuel source is urgently needed and subsequently an innovative system has been designed and developed in order to overcome the above mentioned problems

Behaviours of natural organic matter in membrane filtration for surface water treatment : a review

Membrane application in surface water treatment provides many advantages over conventional treatment. However, this effort is hampered by the fouling issue, which restricts its widespread application due to increases in hydraulic resistances, operational and maintenance costs, deterioration of productivity and frequency of membrane regeneration problems. This paper discusses natural organic matter (NOM) and its components as the major membrane foulants that occur during the water filtration process, possible fouling mechanisms relating to reversible and irreversible of NOM fouling, current techniques used to characterize fouling mechanisms and methods to control fouling. Feed properties, membrane characteristics, operational conditions and solution chemistry were also found to strongly influence the nature and extent of NOM fouling. Findings of such studies are highlighted. The understanding of the combined roles of controlling factors and the methods used is very important in order to choose and optimize the best technique and conditions during surface water treatment. The future potential of membrane application for NOM removal is also discussed

Kinetic and Isotherm Studies for Nickel (II) Removal Using Novel Mesoparticle Graphene Sand Composite Synthesised From Sand and Arenga Palm Sugar

Nickel (II) is one of the most toxic contaminants recognised as a carcinogenic and mutagenic agent which needs complete removal from wastewater before disposal. In the present study, a novel adsorbent called mesoparticle graphene sand composite (MGSCaps) was synthesised from arenga palm sugar and sand by using a green, simple, low cost and efficient methodology. Subsequently, this composite was characterised and identified using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental mapping (EM). The adsorption process was investigated and optimised under the experimental parameters such as pH, contact time and bed depth. The results showed that the interaction between nickel (II) and MGSCaps was not ion to ion interaction hence removal of Ni (II) can be applied at any pH. The results were also exhibited the higher contact time and bed depth, the higher removal percentage of nickel (II) occurred. Adsorption kinetic data were modelled using Pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order equation models. The experimental results indicated pseudo-second-order kinetic equation was most suitable to describe the experimental adsorption kinetics data with maximum capacity of 40% nickel (II) removal for the first hour. The equilibrium adsorption data was fitted with Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherms equations. The data suggested that the most fitted equation model is the Freundlich with correlation R2=0.9974. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the adsorption method using MGSCaps is an efficient, facile and reliable method for the removal of nickel (II) from waste water

Pilih ais warna jernih untuk lebih selamat- Pakar

KUANTAN- Ais kiub daripada kilang tidak berdaftar dan bukan di bawah seliaan Kementerian Kesihatan (KKM) berkemungkinan besar tidak selamat untuk diminum kerana dikhuatiri tercemar

Effect of Process Parameters on Pectin Extraction from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peels via Chemical and Physical Treatment

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel was found to be one of the potential sources of pectin. The combination of physical and chemical treatments namely mild ultrasound, stirring and citric acid has been applied with the aim to get the high yield of pectin during extraction. The influence of several process namely agitation, temperature, time, pH and liquid solid ratio during extraction process were investigated. The one factor at a time (OFAT) method was used to determine the possible best levels of each factor during extraction. The pectin obtained from these experiments was compared in term of yield based on dry weight. The highest yield of pectin 42.5% (w/w) was obtained when the extraction was carried out at agitation, temperature, time, pH and solid liquid ratio of 250 rpm 70oC, 120 min, pH of 1.5 and 1:10 (w/v), respectively

Effects of Solvents on the Amount of Anthraquinone

Dyes derived from natural sources have appeared as a significant alternative to synthetic dyes. Recently, the scientific community has begun to show interest in Morinda citrifolia as it is one of the natural sources. The roots of these plants were reported to be a good source of important compounds, known as anthraquinones, which have been proved an important naturally occurring pigments that are widely distributed in nature to produce yellow or red dyes. However, it is not known which method and types of solvent will obtain the highest anthraquinone extract from Morinda citrifolia. In order to tackle this problem, this research was carried out to study effects of solvents on the concentration of anthraquinone using solvent extraction method at room temperature for 10 hour. Ethanol, acetone and acetonitrile were types of solvent used. The anthraquinone extract was analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer afterwards. It was observed that the acetone is the best solvent to extract the highest anthraquinone concentration followed by ethanol and acetonitrile respectively. Acetone gave anthraquinone concentration about 0.0844g/L, while ethanol and acetonitrile was 0.0440g/L and 0.0355g/L correspondingly. It also shows that acetone gave the best color in which brick red color. The results suggested that the solvent extraction method able to yield colorants from Morinda citrifolia which can work out commercially, but the color varies based on the types of solvent used

Production of Biodiesel using Tannery Fleshing as a Feedstock via Solid-state Fermentation

The objective of this study is to investigate solid state fermentation (SSF) mediated hydrolysis of tannery wastes to produce short and long chain fatty acids (SCFA and LCFA) followed by transesterification with methanol using alkali catalyst. Controlled inoculum which was isolated from soak liquor to be used in SSF, showed the maximum homology with the Microbacterium species by 16srDNA sequencing method. At 72 hours of Solid state fermentation (SSF), the maximum acidity and triglyceride hydrolysis were 39.46 % and 83.9% respectively. The predominant total fatty acids of the SSF samples were found to be oleic acid (C18:1n-9), palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid (C18:0) and estimated to be 80 %. Transesterification rate was optimized at 3 hr reaction time with 1%NaOH (w/v %), 6% methanol to oil ratio (w/v %) to produce 89% conversion rate. C13 NMR confirmed the formation of fatty acid methyl esters group in the oil

Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Operating Conditions on Product Yield of Red Meranti Sawdust

Fast pyrolysis of red meranti sawdust was carried out in a bench-scale tabular furnace reactor for bio-oil production. In this work, the effect of pyrolysis temperature, N2 gas flow rate, retention time and feed particle size were studied. Results showed that the bio-oil achieved maximum yield about 63.2 wt. % at the temperature of 450°C, N2 flow rate of 25 L/min and retention time for feed particle size of 0.3 mm was 60 min. From analysis, it can be concluded that the temperature was the most influential parameter upon bio-oil yield, followed by N2 sweeping gas flow rate into the reactor and retention time of biomass in furnace. Feed particles size was insignificantly effect bio-oil yield. Gained bio-oil was analyzed using GC-MS to identify its compounds. Phenolic compound was dominant compound identified in bio-oil

Implementation of Carbon Dioxide Gas Injection Method for Gas Recovery at Rashidpur Gas Field, Bangladesh

Natural gas plays an important role for the economic development of Bangladesh. It is the primary options to satisfy the environmentally clean energy, whereas coal is a dirty energy source and oil creates an unhealthy environment. Bangladesh is the seventh-largest producer of natural gas in Asia. Gas supplies meet 56% of domestic energy demand. The proven natural gas reserve in Bangladesh is only 19.73 Tcf. The Rashidpur Gas Field (RGF) is located in the Sylhet Basin, Northeast Bangladesh. It is 35 km long and 7 km anticlinal structure and asymmetric in nature with steeper eastern flank (22˚ to 25˚) and gentler western flank (8˚ to 12˚). There are two gas zones in depth between 1380m to 2787m below surface. Sandstone reservoirs of Miocene-Pliocene age and are considered to have been originated shallow marine depositional environment. The reservoir porosity-permeability values are very good, with estimated gas initially in place (GIIP) of the RGF was 2.242 Tcf with 58% recovery, thus recording an initial gas reserve is 1.309 Tcf. Five gas producing wells (RP-1, 3, 4, 6 and 7) in the RGF are producing 50 MMscf gas per day. Due to the demand of natural gas with decreasing production rate, this enhanced natural gas plays a vital role in the national economy of the country. This research depicts the development of the daily production of the RGF from 50 MMscfd to 99 MMscfd using software from the existing production wells. Thus the natural gas in the RGF would be enhanced/recovered using carbon dioxide (CO2) gas injection by Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) method from the RGF reservoir. Applying this method would play a vital role to increase the daily production rate of the RGF

Achievements and perspectives of anaerobic co-digestion: A review

The world is now seeking sources of renewable energy that are both economical and environmentally friendly. Purified biogas is one essential source of renewable energy that can act as a substitute for fossil fuels. Anaerobic digestion has been recognised as a biochemical method of biogas generation that can convert organic compounds into a sustainable source of energy. Anaerobic co-digestion, AcoD is considered a pragmatic method to resolve the difficulties related to substrate properties and system optimisation in single-substrate digestion processes. The present manuscript studied the research prospects and challenges of anaerobic co-digestion, and the contributions of different methods in biogas generation studies. With the increased use of anaerobic co-digestion, the complexity of the process also increases. Several mathematical models had been established to optimise the anaerobic co-digestion technique. The biological methane potential test is a preferred technique for measuring the biodegradability and decomposition rate of organic substances. Furthermore, various additives are now used to maximise methane production. The improvement and optimisation processes of biogas production still need to be investigated in greater detail. In developing countries like Malaysia, biogas production may be more economically feasible if the latest simulation and characterisation methods are used at the industrial scale. Finally, this review describes a design and development framework to incorporate various aspects to enhance biogas production