Characterization of an antioxidant and antimicrobial extract from cool climate, white grape marc

Valorization of agricultural waste has become increasingly important. Wastes generated by wineries are high in phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which contribute to phytotoxicity, making their immediate use for agricultural means limited. Utilizing a water-based extraction method, the phenolic compounds from winery waste were extracted and purified. The resulting extract was characterized for phenolic composition using high-pressure liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible and electrochemical detectors (HPLC-UV/Vis, ECD) for monomers, and spectral assessment of the tannins present using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), FT-Raman, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopies. The extract\u2019s antioxidant activity was assessed by the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1\u2013picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and Folin-Ciocalteu total phenolic assay, and was found to be as effective as a commercially obtained grape extract. The extract\u2019s antimicrobial efficacy was tested for minimum bactericidal concentration using Candida albicans, Escherichia coli 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus 6538, which resulted in greater efficacy against gram-positive bacteria as shown over gram-negative bacteria, which can be linked to both monomeric and tannin polyphenols, which have multiple modes of bactericidal action

Characterization of an antioxidant and antimicrobial extract from cool climate, white grape marc

Valorization of agricultural waste has become increasingly important. Wastes generated by wineries are high in phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which contribute to phytotoxicity, making their immediate use for agricultural means limited. Utilizing a water-based extraction method, the phenolic compounds from winery waste were extracted and purified. The resulting extract was characterized for phenolic composition using high-pressure liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible and electrochemical detectors (HPLC-UV/Vis, ECD) for monomers, and spectral assessment of the tannins present using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), FT-Raman, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopies. The extract’s antioxidant activity was assessed by the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and Folin-Ciocalteu total phenolic assay, and was found to be as effective as a commercially obtained grape extract. The extract’s antimicrobial efficacy was tested for minimum bactericidal concentration using Candida albicans, Escherichia coli 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus 6538, which resulted in greater efficacy against gram-positive bacteria as shown over gram-negative bacteria, which can be linked to both monomeric and tannin polyphenols, which have multiple modes of bactericidal action

Neuronal Chemokines: Versatile Messengers In Central Nervous System Cell Interaction

Whereas chemokines are well known for their ability to induce cell migration, only recently it became evident that chemokines also control a variety of other cell functions and are versatile messengers in the interaction between a diversity of cell types. In the central nervous system (CNS), chemokines are generally found under both physiological and pathological conditions. Whereas many reports describe chemokine expression in astrocytes and microglia and their role in the migration of leukocytes into the CNS, only few studies describe chemokine expression in neurons. Nevertheless, the expression of neuronal chemokines and the corresponding chemokine receptors in CNS cells under physiological and pathological conditions indicates that neuronal chemokines contribute to CNS cell interaction. In this study, we review recent studies describing neuronal chemokine expression and discuss potential roles of neuronal chemokines in neuron–astrocyte, neuron–microglia, and neuron–neuron interaction

Floristic Composition as Parameter of Quality of ass. \u3cem\u3eAgrostietum Vulgaris\u3c/em\u3e

In hilly-mountainous region of Serbia, meadows and pastures are the main sourcees of roughage feeds and grazing for ruminants. On Stara Planina mountain, in SE Serbia, meadows and pastures with different plant associations and a wide range of species of differing nutritional value predominate. Until the 1930s, and even until now, only species of the grass family and leguminous plants were desired and all other plants were considered worthless or harmful Klapp (1986). The main criteria to evaluate whether a meadow plant species is a weed are: is it poisonous?; is it suitable for consumption by domestic animals as regards its morphology?; do animals eat it or not?; is it nutritious and digestible? This study aimed (1) to quantify the proportion of useful plants, other species and weeds based on the presence of certain plant species at 3 locations in ass. Agrostetum vulgaris and, (2) based on this data, to establish the quality potential for ruminant nutrition. Measures to improve the quality of grassland arise from the results obtained

Floristic Composition as a Parameter of the Quality of the Grassland Type \u3cem\u3eFestucetum Vallesacae\u3c/em\u3e in Thestara Planina Hilly-Mountainous Region of Serbia

With the increase of sea level and changes of climatic conditions, the possibilities for growing cultivated forages decreases. Therefore natural grasslands will become more important in relation to livestock nutrition. This will increase the importance of the nutritive value of these natural grasslands that have very diverse and dynamic floristic composition. The quality of the grassland depends on species categorised as grasses, legumes and other species. Other species were often regarded as harmful in regard to quality, however, they often contain many medicinal and stimulating substances that may have beneficial effects on animals and on the quality of animal products (Djordjevic-Milosevic, 1997). Conversely, there are also weed and harmful species among grasses and legumes. however, among species from other families there are also useful species. To provide nutrition of livestock from quality grasslands melioration measures are necessary. This paper reports on the composition of grasslands in Stara Planina and provides information on the proportion of useful species

Influence of depyritization on NMR relaxation parameters of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen

Parallel proton and cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation measurements are reported on Aleksinac oil shale kerogen concentrate and pyrite-free kerogen concentrate. Possible relaxation mechanisms considered include proton-proton and C-13-proton interactions. The influence of depyritization on relaxation parameters is estimated. Depyritization prolongs the T-1H relaxation time constant by about five times. However, depyritization has no significant influence on relaxation in the rotating frame ( lt 5%). The probable explanation is that there is a certain motion of structural units with spectral density in the kHz region, which averages dipolar interactions between protons and pyrite. The repetition delay is found to be 150 ms for kerogen concentrate and 1-2 s for depyritized kerogen concentrate. The favourable value of contact time is identical for both samples, i.e., 1 ms. At the same time there are no significant changes observed in the CP/ MAS spectra of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen due to depyritization treatment, except for a small band (approximate to 60 ppm) assigned to alcoholic groups which appeared as a result of the partial reduction of carbonyl groups. Use of the pyrite-containing Bg sample in solid-state NMR investigations is found to be more favourable because of its shorter T-1H relaxation time and, consequently, shorter (by a factor of about five) experimental time. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved