Bahan Bakar Padat dari Pelepah Sawit Menggunakan Proses Torefaksi; Variasi Suhu dan Ukuran Bahan Baku

Oil Palm Frond can be used as alternative energy source by using torrefaction process. Torrefaction is a pre-treatment process of biomass into solid fuel within temperature range of 200-300oC in an inert condition. This research aims to produce solid fuel from oil palm frond and study the effect of process variabel towards characteristic of solid fuel resulted. Torrefaction of empty fruit bunch was using fixed bed horizontal reactor with temperature (250-300oC) and particle size (5-15 mm). Product quality resulted was calorific value, mass yield, energy yield and proximate (moisture content, ash content, volatile content and fixed carbon). The result obtained for calorific value in range was 19513.82-22684.77 kJ/kg, mass yield was 47.93-71.64 %, and energy yield was 65.09-86.39 %. 17091.03-20697.13 kJ/kg, mass yield was 52.63-84.52% and energy yield was 64.12-99.05%. Proximate analysis resulted in the form of moisture content was 1.81-3.25 %, ash content was 4.54-6.13 %, volatile content was 40.95-63.48 %, and fixed carbon was 28.62-51.53. from the result obtained, the effect of rising temperature give enhancement to the calorific value, energy yield, ash content, and fixed carbon. While the influence of increasing particle size give enhancement to the mass yield, calorific value, moisture and volatiles content. From the result of hypothesis testing using F test showed that Fcalculated was greater than Ftable. This indicates that the data obtained significant influence and according to the resulting model

Synthesis of Heterogeneous Catalysts NaOH/CaO/C From Eggshells for Biodiesel Production Using Off-Grade Palm Oil

A heterogeneous catalyst, such as Calcium Oxide (CaO), is widely used in biodiesel production due to its various advantages over homogeneous ones. The optimum condition for synthesizing this catalyst is determined by calcination temperature and mass ratio. As a result, a modification is required to increase its performance in improving the biodiesel yield. In this study, eggshell waste was modified by calcination, hydration, and dehydration methods integrated with activated carbon and NaOH. It is used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for off-grade palm oil transesterification reactions. The results shows the catalyst with the highest activity is obtained at calcination temperature of 800°c and mass ratio of 7 to 3. This is achieved with transesterification reaction conditions, which include a mole ratio of methanol/oil 6 to 1, catalyst concentration of 6%-b oil, and temperature 70°c for 3 hours, yielding 79.08% of the biodiesel. Additionally, CaO, Na2CO3, and Ca (OH) 2 materials were found in the catalyst with a catalyst alkalinity value of H greater than 9.3 through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Several methyl esters, such as palmitate and oleate were also found in biodiesel through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

Pengaruh Variasi Dosis Adsorben terhadap Penyisihan COD Buangan Akhir Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Pome) menggunakan Magnetic Biochar

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi dosis adsorben terhadap penyisihan COD buangan akhir POME menggunakan magnetic biochar. Magnetic biochar merupakan modifikasi biochar dengan penempelan ion logam. Magnetic biocharberbahan baku limbah pelepah sawit dibuat dengan cara impregnasi  pelepah sawit dengan FeCl3.6H2O.  Proses selanjutnya adalah proses pirolisis menggunakan reaktor fixed bed horizontal  dengan temperatur 550oC dan dialiri dengan  gas N2 selama 20 menit. Uji adsorpsi  dilakukan dengan sistem batch dengan variasi dosis adsorben  1,25; 3,15; 5; 6,8; 8,55 g/L. Hasil supernatan diambil dan dianalsis dengan paramater uji COD total.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa semakin besar dosis magnetic biochar yang diberikan maka semakin besar % penyisihan COD buangan akhir POME.  Penyisihan sebesar 72.72%. diperoleh dari penggunaan 8,55 g/L magnetic biochar dan terendah diperoleh sebesar  50,3 %  dengan penggunaan 1,25 g/L. Sementara  hasil penyisihan COD buangan akhir POME menggunakan biochar tanpa modifikasi hanya sebesar 31.77%.  Sehingga penggunaan biochar yang dimodifikasi dinilai lebih baik dalam penghilangan COD  buangan akhir POME

Pengaruh Kondisi Proses terhadap Kuat Tarik Pulp pada Pembuatan Pulp Rumput Perimping dengan Pelarut Organik Asam Formiat

Perimping grass is one of lignocellulosic material which has not been fully utilized, so it is potential to be used as raw material for pulping which will provide economic value added. Organosolv pulping is the process of pulp making using organic solution. The objectives of this research is to study effect of the process conditions on tensile index. Effect of the process conditions were studied by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). The experiment pulping is carried out at the boiling temperature of liquor at atmospheric pressure, with 40 grams of perimping grass using formic acid (concentrations of 60%, 70%, and 80%), reaction time (60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes), liquid to solid ratio (10/1, 15/1 , And 20/1 b/b), with HCl catalyst 0.1% wt. The result pulp of the perimping grass for tensile index is 659.3-2.1149 N m/g. The variable interaction (concentration of formic acid and reaction time) is a significant factor to the pulp tensile index

Esterifikasi Gliserol dari Produk Samping Biodiesel Menjadi Triasetin Menggunakan Katalis Zeolit Alam

Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production from transesterification reaction generated 10% volume product. The increase of biodiesel production is followed by the increase of the glycerol as by product. Glycerol when esterified with acetic acid formed Triacetin. Triacetin has many uses for food, non-food and additives in biofuel feedstock that is renewable and environmentally friendly. In this study will be make Triacetin from reaction esterification of crude glycerol purified with acetic acid glacial and using natural zeolite catalyst has been activated. Making triacetin performed with a three-neck flask equipped with a condenser, heating mantle, thermometer and magnetic stirred at 100 ° C, 100 mesh size catalyst and reaction time for 4 hours. Process of qualitative analysis using FT-IR instrument has detected the exixtence of Triacetin product. The variables are varied ratio reactant of glycerol and acetic acid, and the concentration catalyst. The highest conversion obtained for 90.02% in reactan ratio mol glycerol and acetic acid 1: 7, catalyst concentration of 3% to weight of acetic acid. Comparison of reagents give real effect to the conversion of glycerol into Triacetin, while the catalyst concentration does not give a significant effect on glycerol conversion be Triacetin

Pemanfaatan Fly Ash Sawit sebagai Katalis Asam dalam Proses Esterifikasi Gliserol sebagai Produk Samping Biodiesel Menjadi Triacetin

Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel that produced about 10% of the amount of biodiesel. Glycerol can be processed into economic products such as triacetin. Triacetin is a triesther of glycerol and acetic acid that can be applied as additive in the field of food or non food. Triacetin can be produced through estherification of glycerol and acetic acid by using palm fly ash as the solid acid catalyst. The aim of this research was to determined the characteristic of the palm fly ash as solid acid catalyst and determined the influence of the catalyst concentration, mol ratio of reactan and time of estherification toward the conversion of glycerol. Variation that used were concentration of catalyst 1, 2, 3% of acetic acid mass, mol ratio of reactan 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, and time of estherification 1, 2, and 3 hours. The estherification temperature was 100oC. The characteristic of palm fly ash catalyst of acidity, crystallinity, and surface area increasing after activation process. The conversion of glycerol increased by the increasing of catalyst concentration, mol ratio of reactan and time of estherification. The highest conversion gain at concentration of catalyst 1%, mol ratio of reactan 1:9, and time of estherification 3 hours is 47.41%

Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Sawit Off-Grade dengan Proses Dua Tahap

Off-grade palm oil is a source of untapped vegetable oil. Off-grade palm oil can be used as an alternative raw material for biodiesel production despite having high content Free Fatty Acid (> 5%). Plant with a capacity of 30 tones of FFB yield 7-10% off-grade palm oil or 2-3 tons per hour. The catalyst used is potassium hydroxide because it has smaller ionization energy, making it faster to form a product when used as a catalyst. This research aims to produce biodiesel from low-quality raw materials and determine the effectiveness of the process by looking at the effect of process conditions such as reaction temperature, molar ratio and catalyst concentration on the yield of biodiesel. The biodiesel making process was carried out with two stages of the reaction, esterification and transesterification reactions due to high content of free fatty acid in the raw material. Data processing in this study was analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) using Design Expert 8.0 program. Experiment runs were determined by central composite design (CCD), which consists of three variables, namely temperature, catalyst concentration and molar ratio of methanol to oil. The highest biodiesel yield was 88.56% (%wt) obtained under the conditions of reaction temperature 60 °C, the molar ratio of methanol to oil 8:1 and the concentration of 1% KOH base catalyst. The characteristics of biodiesel produced in the form of density, kinematic viscosity, acid number and flash point are in accordance with the standards of Indonesian biodiesel. Catalyst concentration have a significant influence on the yield of biodiesel