A comprehensive review of the classification of fibromyalgia, its possible genetic and environmental causes, and its epidemiology in Pakistan

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common form of chronic pain that causes pain all over the body. It is thought to affect between 1% and 5% of the world's people. It happens more often in adults, but it can also happen in children. Its exact cause and effect are still not known. However, it is thought to be linked to neuronal over-sensitization, decreased conditioned pain modulation (CPM), cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and problems with how the brain processes information. It is now a disorder with physical symptoms (SSD). FM does not run in families. But it seems to happen more often in families where FM has happened before. One of the most common reasons why people get fibromyalgia is an SNP in the serotonin transporter gene, which can also cause emotional stress. The effects of genetic polymorphisms on serotonergic and catecholaminergic processes in the central nervous system seem to make fibromyalgia more likely. It can be stopped if it is found and treated quickly. Physical therapy and other treatments that don't involve drugs should be made to fit the person with FM. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given the go-ahead for three treatments. In this review article, we looked again at the possible causes, effects, and treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome. &nbsp

Rice Straw Vermicompost Enriched With Cellulolytic Microbes Ameliorate the Negative Effect of Drought in Wheat Through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological Attributes

Wheat growth and productivity are unfavorably pretentious by a lack of sufficient water (drought or water deficit) worldwide. Drought stress significantly affects all the morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics and the agronomical yield of wheat. Different management approaches have been adopted to cope with the negative effects of water deficit. Soil-applied vermicompost is helpful in improving the growth and developmental processes of wheat under water deficit conditions. Therefore, a trial was carried out to optimize the best amount of vermicompost and to assess its role in ameliorating the negative effects of drought for sustainable crop production. The treatments consisted of 1) two contrasting wheat cultivars Faisalabad-08 (drought-tolerant) and Galaxy-13 (drought-sensitive), 2) drought with three levels [D0 = 70% of field capacity (no drought), D1 = 45% of field capacity (mild drought), and D2 = 30% of field capacity (severe drought)] and 3) cellulolytic microbe-enriched vermicompost prepared from rice straw with four levels (VT0 = Control, VT1 = 4 t ha−1, VT2 = 6 t ha−1 , and VT3 = 8 t ha−1). Data on various morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters were recorded from sowing to crop harvesting. In this study, it was demonstrated that all these parameters were negatively affected by moisture deficit conditions. The application of vermi-fertilizer significantly increased (p < 0.05) the aforementioned parameters of wheat in both the absence and presence of drought. Under severe drought, VT2 treatment increased the seedling length by 14.02–26.14%, fresh weight by 15.16–22.91%, and dry weight by 0.37–28.20% in both cultivars compared with control. In addition, VT2 treatment reduced the leaf water potential by 6.36 and 3.36%, leaf osmotic potential by 1.74 and 1.68%, and increased the turgor potential by 4.83 and 3.36%, and photosynthetic rate by 18.59 and 26.42% in Faislabad-08 and Galaxy-13, respectively, over control. We concluded that the application of vermicompost is a valuable approach to alleviate the adverse impacts of water stress on wheat

PS-CARA Context-Aware Resource Allocation Scheme for Mobile Public Safety Networks

The fifth-generation (5G) communications systems are expecting to support users with diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Beside these requirements, the task with utmost importance is to support the emergency communication services during natural or man-made disasters. Most of the conventional base stations are not properly functional during a disaster situation, so deployment of emergency base stations such as mobile personal cell (mPC) is crucial. An mPC having moving capability can move in the disaster area to provide emergency communication services. However, mPC deployment causes severe co-channel interference to the users in its vicinity. The problem in the existing resource allocation schemes is its support for static environment, that does not fit well for mPC. So, a resource allocation scheme for mPC users is desired that can dynamically allocate resources based on users’ location and its connection establishment priority. In this paper, we propose a public safety users priority-based context-aware resource allocation (PS-CARA) scheme for users sum-rate maximization in disaster environment. Simulations results demonstrate that the proposed PS-CARA scheme can increase the user average and edge rate around 10.3% and 32.8% , respectively because of context information availability and by prioritizing the public safety users. The simulation results ensure that call blocking probability is also reduced considerably under the PS-CARA scheme

Chiroptical effect induced by achiral structures for full dimensional manipulation of optical waves

The chiroptical effects are omnipresent throughout the universe and play a vital role in the sorting and detecting enantiomers in numerous applications like life sciences, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food industry, etc. These chiroptical effects, along with polarization retention and full phase modulation, can have a significant potential for applications such as chiral imaging, anti-counterfeiting, and security. For strong chiroptical effects, all-dielectric metadevices offer a compact and efficient substitute to three-dimensional (3D) chiral metamaterials and flat plasmonic metadevices, which are prone to complex fabrication and ohmic losses, respectively. Here, we propose a unique metasurface based on the combination of achiral structures to achieve chiroptical effect with polarization retention and wavefront shaping. The proposed structure reflects the left hand circularly polarized (LHCP) light while preserving its handedness with complete absorption of the right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) and vice versa. Meanwhile, the structure provides full 2�� phase modulation designed by hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), which is a low-loss, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) compatible material with fabrication ease. The spin-selective reflection with circular dichroism and full phase modulation of designed structure find application in integrated optics, quantum optics, detection, and chiral imaging. ? 2021 SPIE.11Nscopu

Realizing spin-conserved and spin-encrypted hologram using multipolar-modulated meta-platform

The chiro-optical effects complemented with polarization conservation and wavefront shaping finds potential applications in advanced imaging, sorting and detection of enantiomers and quantum optics. Here, a unique design strategy proposed to manifest enormous chiro-optical effects using achiral structures (instead of conventional chiral antennas). The basic building block of the meta-platform contains a pair of achiral structures. The underlying mechanism behind the giant chiro-optical effects is explained by numerically calculating the multipolar resonances of scattering power. The designed diatomic meta-platform achieves absolute control over spin and wavefront of incident light to demonstrate the polarization-conserved and -encrypted meta-holograms.11Nscopu

Perturbation and numerical solutions of non-Newtonian fluid bounded within in a porous channel: Applications of pseudo-spectral collocation method

In the current study, the effects of fluidic parameters with entropy generation properties on velocity, temperature, and entropy numbers of non-Newtonian fluid flowing through the porous channel are investigated. The complex system of fluid equations is handled with analytically and numerically. The first-order perturbation expansion is employed on both velocity and temperature to obtain the approximate analytical solution. A comparison of the analytical solution is made with numerical results that are obtained by discretizing the system of boundary value problems. The pseudo-spectral collocation method was used for the discretization, and the Newton method was to get the solutions to the complex differential equations. In the Newton method, the finite difference approximation of Jacobian is utilized. The pseudo-spectral solutions are in good agreement with the analytical findings. The order of accuracy in temperature and velocity profiles is of order 10−6 which will be compared in the future with the experimental results of given non-Newtonian fluid

Response Surface Modeling of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Slub Yarns

The objective of this study was to model the physical and mechanical properties of 100% cotton slub yarns commonly used in denim and other casual wear. Statistical models were developed using central composite experimental design of the response surface methodology. Yarn’s linear density, slub thickness, slub length and pause length were used as the key input variables while yarn strength, elongation, coefficient of mass variation, imperfections and hairiness were used as response/output variables. It was concluded that yarn strength and elongation increased with increase in linear density and pause length, and decreased with increase in slub thickness and slub length. Yarn mass variation and total imperfections increased with increase in slub thickness and pause length, whereas yarn imperfections and hairiness decreased with increase in slub length. It was further concluded that due to statistically significant square and interaction effects of some of the input variables, only the quadratic model instead of the linear models can adequately represent the relationship between the input and the output variables. These statistical models will be of great importance for the industrial personnel to improve their productivity and reduce sampling

Manifesting Simultaneous Optical Spin Conservation and Spin Isolation in Diatomic Metasurfaces

A novel design strategy that uses a di‐meta‐atomic platform to realize the unique chiroptical effect of simultaneous spin conservation and spin isolation at optical frequencies is demonstrated. The proposed strategy provides extra degrees of design freedom and encompasses the ability to encode a desired phase mask. The unit cell of the proposed single‐layered metaplatform includes a pair of achiral nanofins with distinct structural parameters. The mutual coupling of the nanofins yields constructive and destructive interferences in the absence of in‐plane and radial symmetries, and induces a giant linear chiroptical effect in the form of circular dichroism (CD) along with spin conservation. The optimized di‐meta‐atomic structure achieves 72% reflectance for the co‐polarized parameters of left‐handed circularly polarized (LCP) and 98% absorption of right‐handed circularly polarized (RCP) light with an extinction ratio of 70%. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) is used to design and implement a di‐meta‐atomic‐based platform. The underlying mechanism and working principle for the proposed di‐meta‐atomic geometry are explained by multipole scattering. To validate this method, an encrypted metahologram is implemented; it verifies the concept of a spin‐conserved giant chiroptical effect and spin isolation.11Nsciescopu