The forward muon detector of L3

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A proposed eye irritation testing strategy to reduce and replace in vivo studies using Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches

In spite of over 20 years of effort, no single in vitro assay has been developed and validated as a full regulatory replacement for the Draize Eye Irritation test. However, companies have been using in vitro methods to screen new formulations and in some cases as their primary assessment of eye irritation potential for many years. The present report shows the outcome of an Expert Meeting convened by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods in February 2005 to identify test strategies for eye irritation. In this workshop test developers/users were requested to nominate methods to be considered as a basis for the identification of such testing strategies. Assays were evaluated and categorized based on their proposed applicability domains (e.g., categories of irritation severity, modes of action, chemical class, physicochemical compatibility). The analyses were based on the data developed from current practice and published studies, the ability to predict depth of injury (within the applicable range of severity), modes of action that could be addressed and compatibility with different physiochemical forms. The difficulty in predicting the middle category of irritancy (e.g. R36, GHS Categories 2A and 2B) was recognized. The testing scheme proposes using a Bottom-Up (begin with using test methods that can accurately identify non-irritants) or Top-Down (begin with using test methods that can accurately identify severe irritants) progression of in vitro tests (based on expected irritancy). Irrespective of the starting point, the approach would identify non-irritants and severe irritants, leaving all others to the (mild/moderate) irritant GHS 2/R36 categories. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd

New targets for allergic rhinitis--a disease of civilization

Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, mediated by TH2 lymphocytes, which is linked to atopy and whose prevalence is increasing in association with a Western lifestyle. The production of allergen-specific IgE, activation of mucosal mast cells and the recruitment and activation of effector leukocytes provides potential therapeutic targets, including selective inhibition of cytokines, adhesion molecules and signalling pathways. Blockade of IgE, using monoclonal antibodies and vaccine strategies, is a new approach for interrupting the allergic cascade, whereas the use of recombinant mutated allergens, peptides and DNA oligonucleotides will lead to improved efficacy and reduced side effects of immunotherapy to induce tolerance.<br/