Growth and Feathering of Some Apple Cultivar-Rootstock Combinations in a Fruit-tree Nursery

The planting of well feathered trees are crucial in a high density orchard, than unbranched rods. Lateral bud-brake can be effectuated by several agro-technical methods in order to overcome apical dominance. Main targets of the researches were to investigate the feather induction by removing the apical leaves and to study a proper basic and foliar fertilization scheme. The highest mean height of the trees with significant differences was achieved by untreated Florina, followed by variants of Florina treated with Solfert, untreated control Idared and Florina with NPK and Fertitel. The number of feathered trees was higher in Florina than in Idared. The best results were obtained with Solfert and NPK followed by Fertitel. The growth in height was not affected by the lack of fertilizers in the control variants, but in other fertilization variants where branching was observed the height of the trees was reduced

Comparison of human hepatoma HepaRG cells with human and rat hepatocytes in uptake transport assays in order to predict drug induced hepatotoxicity

Human hepatocytes are the gold standard for toxicological studies but they have several drawbacks, like scarce availability, high inter-individual variability, a short lifetime, which limits their applicability. The aim of our investigations was to determine, whether HepaRG cells could replace human hepatocytes in uptake experiments for toxicity studies. HepaRG is a hepatoma cell line with most hepatic functions, including a considerable expression of uptake transporters in contrast to other hepatic immortalized cell lines. We compared the effect of cholestatic drugs (bosentan, cyclosporinA, troglitazone,) and bromosulfophthalein on the uptake of taurocholate and estrone-3-sulfate in human and rat hepatocytes and HepaRG cells. The substrate uptake was significantly slower in HepaRG cells than in human hepatocytes, still, in the presence of drugs we observed a concentration dependent decrease in uptake. In all cell types, the culture time had a significant impact not only on the uptake process but on the inhibitory effect of drugs too. The most significant drug effect was measured at 4 h after seeding. Our report is among the first concerning interactions of the uptake transporters in the HepaRG, at the functional level. Results of the present study clearly show that concerning the inhibition of taurocholate uptake by cholestatic drugs, HepaRG cells are closer to human hepatocytes than rat hepatocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrated that HepaRG cells provide a suitable tool for hepatic uptake studies

A modern magyar szabálysértési jog kialakulásának története, különös tekintettel a kihágásokra

The author provides an overview of the half-century development of petty criminal law in Hungary.A szerző áttekintést nyújt a szabálysértési jog fél évszázados fejlődéséről Magyarországon

FIRE BLIGHT SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME PEAR VARIETIES (ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, BURILL)

At Bistriţa Fruit Research and Development Station, in a pear collection, planted with 44 varieties, there has been studied the susceptibility to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora,Burill). During the vegetation period, phytosanitary treatments to control the disease have been applied using copper based products (copper sulfate, Champion, Funguran, Kocide). Erwinia amylovora infections have been influenced by the rainfall registered in April (70.9 mm) and May (104.7 mm) and the temperature fluctuations in April-May. The field observations on Erwinia amylvora attack demonstrate that the pear varieties have a different susceptibility to this dangerous bacterium. Evaluation of attack level in the pear collection was done using an evaluation scale with 9 scores using a reference resistance scale for : ‘Highly resistant’ , ‘Moderately resistant’, ‘Susceptible’, ‘Very susceptible’ cultivars . The most sensitive pear varieties in the collection were: ‘De Noiembrie’, ‘Abatele Fetel’, ’Daciana’, ’Triumf’, ’Williams Boway’, ’Margareta Marillat’, ’Beauty Tomme’, ‘Williams rosu’, ’Aromata de Bistrita’, ’Jeanne d`Arc’, ’Aramiu de Somes’, ’Belle des Arbres’, ’Zorka’ representing 13.64% of the total pear varieties. In several cultivars there have been observed increased symptoms, a very high susceptibility of infections leading to complete scorching of trees: Jeanne d`Arc’, Williams rosu’, ‘Triumf’, ‘Aromata de Bistrita’, ‘Zorka’. Strong attack symtoms were observed at the pear cultivars ‘Cure’, ‘Euras, ’Ciuda’ ‘Highland’, ‘Precoce Morettini’, ’Monica’, ’Cadillac’, ’Juliana’, ’Somesan’, ’Beurré Hardenpont’ these cultivars being susceptible to Erwinia amylovora , representing 40.91 % of total genotypes . Cultivars ‘Untoasa Geoagiu’, ‘Beurre Hardy’, ‘Trivale’ manifested a certain tolerance to Erwinia amylovora , no attack symptoms being observable at these varieties, in 6,82 % of total studied cultivars scores ranged between 8.0-8.22. Notably amount of genotypes were included in the “Moderately resistant” category (34.04 %) ‘Untoasa de Transilvania’, ‘Starkrimson’, ‘Josephine des Malignes’, `Untoasa Bosc`, ‘Magnes’, ‘Contesa de Paris’, ’Doina’, ‘Napoca’, ‘Carpica’, ‘Karamanka’, ‘Williams’, ’Expozitie’, ’ Ina Estival’, ‘Passe Crassagne’, ‘Conference’