Bioplastics and Carbon-Based Sustainable Materials, Components, and Devices: Toward Green Electronics

The continuously growing number of short-life electronics equipment inherently results in a massive amount of problematic waste, which poses risks of environmental pollution, endangers human health, and causes socioeconomic problems. Hence, to mitigate these negative impacts, it is our common interest to substitute conventional materials (polymers and metals) used in electronics devices with their environmentally benign renewable counterparts, wherever possible, while considering the aspects of functionality, manufacturability, and cost. To support such an effort, in this study, we explore the use of biodegradable bioplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA), its blends with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and composites with pyrolyzed lignin (PL), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), in conjunction with processes typical in the fabrication of electronics components, including plasma treatment, dip coating, inkjet and screen printing, as well as hot mixing, extrusion, and molding. We show that after a short argon plasma treatment of the surface of hot-blown PLA-PHB blend films, percolating networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) having sheet resistance well below 1 kω/□ can be deposited by dip coating to make electrode plates of capacitive touch sensors. We also demonstrate that the bioplastic films, as flexible dielectric substrates, are suitable for depositing conductive micropatterns of SWCNTs and Ag (1 kω/□ and 1 ω/□, respectively) by means of inkjet and screen printing, with potential in printed circuit board applications. In addition, we exemplify compounded and molded composites of PLA with PL and MWCNTs as excellent candidates for electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the K-band radio frequencies (18.0-26.5 GHz) with shielding effectiveness of up to 40 and 46 dB, respectively.Business Finland (project 1212/31/2020, All green structural electronics), EU Horizon 2020 BBI JU (project 792261, NewPack), and EU Interreg Nord Lapin liitto (project 20201468, Flexible transparent conductive f ilms as electrodes) and Academy of Finland (project 316825, Nigella)

Osteosarcoma microenvironment: whole-slide imaging and optimized antigen detection overcome major limitations in immunohistochemical quantification.

BACKGROUND: In osteosarcoma survival rates could not be improved over the last 30 years. Novel biomarkers are warranted to allow risk stratification of patients for more individual treatment following initial diagnosis. Although previous studies of the tumor microenvironment have identified promising candidates, novel biomarkers have not been translated into routine histopathology. Substantial difficulties regarding immunohistochemical detection and quantification of antigens in decalcified and heterogeneous osteosarcoma might largely explain this translational short-coming. Furthermore, we hypothesized that conventional hot spot analysis is often not representative for the whole section when applied to heterogeneous tissues like osteosarcoma. We aimed to overcome these difficulties for major biomarkers of the immunovascular microenvironment. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was systematically optimized for cell surface (CD31, CD8) and intracellular antigens (FOXP3) including evaluation of 200 different antigen retrieval conditions. Distribution patterns of these antigens were analyzed in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples from 120 high-grade central osteosarcoma biopsies and computer-assisted whole-slide analysis was compared with conventional quantification methods including hot spot analysis. RESULTS: More than 96% of osteosarcoma samples were positive for all antigens after optimization of immunohistochemistry. In contrast, standard immunohistochemistry retrieved false negative results in 35-65% of decalcified osteosarcoma specimens. Standard hot spot analysis was applicable for homogeneous distributed FOXP3+ and CD8+ cells. However, heterogeneous distribution of vascular CD31 did not allow reliable quantification with hot spot analysis in 85% of all samples. Computer-assisted whole-slide analysis of total CD31- immunoreactive area proved as the most appropriate quantification method. CONCLUSION: Standard staining and quantification procedures are not applicable in decalcified formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples for major parameters of the immunovascular microenvironment in osteosarcoma. Whole-slide imaging and optimized antigen retrieval overcome these limitations

Parameters included in systematic evaluation of staining conditions for CD31, CD8 and FOXP3 in osteosarcoma samples.

<p>Systematic evaluation of more than 200 different antigen retrieval conditions, different blocking conditions, detection systems and chromogens allowed identification of optimal staining conditions for formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma samples.</p><p>* In steps of 3–5°C;</p><p>** in steps of 5 min;</p><p>*** in concentrations of 0.1%–10%, adjusted temperatures and various times and combinations.</p

Effect of heterogeneous vessel distribution on vessel quantification in osteosarcoma.

<p>Representative whole-slide scans of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma samples with homogeneously scattered (A,C,E) and hot spot distributed intratumor vascularization (B,D,F) Quantification of tumor vascularization was either performed by hot spot analysis within three circular hot spots with 0.26 mm² area/hot spot (C and D) or whole-slide analysis of CD31-immunoreactive area (E and F). CD31 immunoreactivity is shown in red. By digital image analysis detected CD31-immunoreactive area is annotated in green (automated mark-up image). Indicated values represent the percentage of immunoreactive area within the analyzed regions (three hot spots in C and D, whole slide in E and F). Inserts show a 5-fold (C), respectively 8-fold (D) magnification of indicated regions. Sections were counterstained by hematoxylin.</p

Correlation of common vessel quantification methods in osteosarcoma.

<p>Correlation of vessel quantification derived by total CD31-immunoreactive area and micro vessel density (A), respectively total CD31- immunoreactive area and Chalkley count (B) within 120 predefined spots with 0.26 mm² area/spot in 20 representative osteosarcoma sample; r indicates Pearson correlation coefficient.</p

Correlation of hot spot analysis and whole slide analysis of immunovascular markers in osteosarcoma.

<p>(A) Correlation between hot spot and whole slide analyses of CD31-immunoreactive area (in %) of 20 representative osteosarcoma samples. Circles filled in red represent the two specimens shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090727#pone-0090727-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>. Pearson correlation coefficient is indicated by r, n.s. =  not significant. (B) Correlation between hot spot and whole slide analyses of FOXP3 cell density (cells per 0.1 mm²) of 20 representative osteosarcoma samples. Pearson correlation coefficient is indicated by r and significance by p. (C) Representative osteosarcoma sample with homogeneously scattered distribution of FOXP3 immunoreactive cells. Immunoreactive cells show red nuclear staining. Section was counterstained by hematoxylin. Insert shows 2.2 fold magnification of indicated area. (D) Representative osteosarcoma sample with homogeneous hot spot distribution of CD8 immunoreactive cells. Immunoreactive cells show red cell surface staining. Section was counterstained by hematoxylin. Insert shows 2.2 fold magnification of indicated area.</p

Effects of different staining conditions on the quantification of immunovascular markers in osteosarcoma.

<p>(A) Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma sample after CD31 staining with standard heat induced epitope retrieval at 98°C and (B) with optimized enzymatic epitope retrieval. CD31- immunoreactive cells show red cell surface staining. Section was counterstained by hematoxylin. Insert shows 2-fold magnification of indicated area. (C) Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma sample after FOXP3 staining with standard heat induced epitope retrieval at 98°C and (D) with optimized epitope retrieval at 127°C. FOXP3 immunoreactive cells (arrows) show red nuclear staining. Section was counterstained with hematoxylin. Insert shows 3.8 fold magnification of indicated area. (E) Percentage of CD31 immunoreactive area was assessed by computer-assisted whole-slide quantification after heat induced epitope retrieval (HIER) at 98°C, HIER at 127° and enzymatic epitope retrieval (EER) with Hyaluronidase and Pronase in five representative osteosarcoma samples (OS). Error bars indicate interobserver variability. (F) Only seven out of the 20 tested osteosarcoma samples showed FOXP3 immunoreactive cells after standard heat induced epitope retrieval at 98°C (not shown). Density of FOXP3-immunoreactive cells (numbers/0.1 mm²) was determined in these seven sections by whole-slide quantification after HIER at 98°C and for HIER at 127°C. Error bars indicates interobserver variability. OS = osteosarcoma sample. (G) Percentage of evaluable slides after standard and optimized immunohistochemical staining for CD31 and FOXP3.</p

Bioplastics and carbon-based sustainable materials, components, and devices:toward green electronics

Abstract The continuously growing number of short-life electronics equipment inherently results in a massive amount of problematic waste, which poses risks of environmental pollution, endangers human health, and causes socioeconomic problems. Hence, to mitigate these negative impacts, it is our common interest to substitute conventional materials (polymers and metals) used in electronics devices with their environmentally benign renewable counterparts, wherever possible, while considering the aspects of functionality, manufacturability, and cost. To support such an effort, in this study, we explore the use of biodegradable bioplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA), its blends with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and composites with pyrolyzed lignin (PL), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), in conjunction with processes typical in the fabrication of electronics components, including plasma treatment, dip coating, inkjet and screen printing, as well as hot mixing, extrusion, and molding. We show that after a short argon plasma treatment of the surface of hot-blown PLA-PHB blend films, percolating networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) having sheet resistance well below 1 kΩ/□ can be deposited by dip coating to make electrode plates of capacitive touch sensors. We also demonstrate that the bioplastic films, as flexible dielectric substrates, are suitable for depositing conductive micropatterns of SWCNTs and Ag (1 kΩ/□ and 1 Ω/□, respectively) by means of inkjet and screen printing, with potential in printed circuit board applications. In addition, we exemplify compounded and molded composites of PLA with PL and MWCNTs as excellent candidates for electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the K-band radio frequencies (18.0—26.5 GHz) with shielding effectiveness of up to 40 and 46 dB, respectively

Improved Survival in Osteosarcoma Patients with Atypical Low Vascularization.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is considered a highly vascularized bone tumor with early metastatic dissemination through intratumoral blood vessels mostly into the lung. Novel targets for therapy such as tumor vascularization are highly warranted since little progress has been achieved in the last 30 years. However, proof of relevance for vascularization as a major prognostic parameter has been hampered by tumor heterogeneity, difficulty in detecting microvessels by immunohistochemistry, and small study cohorts. Most recently, we demonstrated that highly standardized whole-slide imaging could overcome these limitations (Kunz et al., PloS One 9(3):e90727, 2014). In this study, we applied this method to a multicenter cohort of 131 osteosarcoma patients to test osteosarcoma vascularization as a prognostic determinant. METHODS: Computer-assisted whole-slide analysis, together with enzymatic epitope retrieval, was used for CD31-based microvessel quantification in 131 pretreatment formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies from three bone tumor centers. Kaplan-Meier-estimated survival and chemoresponse were determined and multivariate analysis was performed. Conventional hot-spot-based microvessel density (MVD) determination was compared with whole-slide imaging. RESULTS: We detected high estimated overall (p </= 0.008) and relapse-free (p </= 0.004) survival in 25 % of osteosarcoma patients with low osteosarcoma vascularization in contrast to other patient groups. Furthermore, all patients with low osteosarcoma vascularization showed a good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Comparison of conventional MVD determination with whole-slide imaging suggests false high quantification or even exclusion of samples with low osteosarcoma vascularization due to difficult CD31 detection in previous studies. CONCLUSION: Low intratumoral vascularization at the time of diagnosis is a strong predictor for prolonged survival and good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma