434 research outputs found
Due Process and the Right to an Individualized Hearing
Due process requires the government to provide notice and a hearing before depriving individuals of protected rights. This rightâthe right to an individualized hearingâis powerful. It gives individuals the ability to know why the government is taking action that affects them; and it lets them oppose the governmentâs plans, often by presenting facts and arguments to a neutral decision-maker. As a result, the right to an individualized hearing can help shape the governmentâs substantive aimsâand it even can prevent the government from acting at all. But, despite its importance, there is a longstanding exception to the right to an individualized hearing. Individualized procedures normally are not required when the government acts on more than a few people at the same time. Although the right to an individualized hearing and its exception are fundamental to due process doctrine, scholars disagree about this rightâs origin, and courts have struggled to delineate its contours.
This Article offers a new explanation for the scope of the right to an individualized hearing: it is a living relic of the once-pervasive âclass legislationâ doctrine. At one time, class legislation doctrine was a robust constitutional mechanism used both to prevent the elevation of one âclassâ of society at the expense of another and to minimize arbitrary distinctions between groups. Accordingly, class legislation doctrine helped courts enforce the key rule of law value of generality. Although class legislation doctrine has faded from its prominent place in constitutional law, shades of it survive in the right to an individualized hearing. Indeed, courts sorting out the contours of the right to an individualized hearing often invoke class legislation concepts that have been discarded from other areas of the law. Reconnecting the right to an individualized hearing with its class legislation origin sheds light on this mysterious but fundamental corner of due process doctrine. It also can help courts apply the right to an individualized hearing in ways that emphasize its crucial role in protecting the rule of law
The \u3cem\u3eKlein\u3c/em\u3e Rule of Decision Puzzle and the Self-Dealing Solution
Scholars and courts have struggled to make sense of the Supreme Courtâs decision in United States v. Klein, an intriguing but enigmatic opinion concerning the limits of Congressâs ability to interfere with cases pending before the federal courts. Klein is intriguing because its broad and emphatic language suggests significant limits on the power of Congress. Klein is enigmatic because the Court has never again struck down a statute because of Klein or even made clear what principle animates its result. In fact, despite reaffirming the existence of a principle based on Klein, the Court has repeatedly read it narrowly, suggesting that the principle it embodies has not been adequately articulated. This Article argues that Kleinâs principle is a specific application of a robust constitutional tradition that restrains governmental self-dealing. A Klein principle restraining governmental self-dealing explains the Courtâs Klein cases, situates the principle within constitutional theory and doctrine, and provides much-needed direction to lower courts wrestling with questions about legislative intrusions into judicial functions
The Equal Protection Component of Legislative Generality
This article advances the broad project outlined above by recognizing
the equal protection component of legislative generality.
Exploring the relationship between the Equal Protection Clause
and the value of legislative generality both enhances an understanding
of the proper bounds of the Equal Protection Clause and
helps define the ultimate parameters of a value of legislative generality.
Part I of this article defines and provides paradigmatic
examples of special legislation. Part II identifies the most widely
held conceptions of equality that can be enforced through the
Equal Protection Clause and describes how special legislation offends
these conceptions. Part III describes how the Equal Protection
Clause, despite its powerful ability to enforce differing visions
of equality, is incapable, on its own, of combatting special
legislation. Part IV introduces the principle of legislative generality
as a coherent mechanism for restraining special legislation. It
concludes by drawing on equal protection doctrine and theory to
help fashion a coherent and meaningful value of legislative generality
Structural and Dynamical Properties of Galaxies in a Hierarchical Universe: Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta
We use a state-of-the-art semi-analytic model to study the size and the
specific angular momentum of galaxies. Our model includes a specific treatment
for the angular momentum exchange between different galactic components. Disk
scale radii are estimated from the angular momentum of the gaseous/stellar
disk, while bulge sizes are estimated assuming energy conservation. The
predicted size--mass and angular momentum--mass relations are in fair agreement
with observational measurements in the local Universe, provided a treatment for
gas dissipation during major mergers is included. Our treatment for disk
instability leads to unrealistically small radii of bulges formed through this
channel, and predicts an offset between the size--mass relations of central and
satellite early-type galaxies, that is not observed. The model reproduces the
observed dependence of the size--mass relation on morphology, and predicts a
strong correlation between specific angular momentum and cold gas content. This
correlation is a natural consequence of galaxy evolution: gas-rich galaxies
reside in smaller halos, and form stars gradually until present day, while
gas-poor ones reside in massive halos, that formed most of their stars at early
epochs, when the angular momentum of their parent halos is low. The dynamical
and structural properties of galaxies can be strongly affected by a different
treatment for stellar feedback, as this would modify their star formation
history. A higher angular momentum for gas accreted through rapid mode does not
affect significantly the properties of massive galaxies today, but has a more
important effect on low-mass galaxies at higher redshift.Comment: 26 pages, 14 figures, 4 appendices. Accepted for publication in MNRA
The Evolution of Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
We extend our previous work focused at , studying the redshift
evolution of galaxy dynamical properties using the state-of-the-art
semi-analytic model GAEA: we show that the predicted size-mass relation for
disky/star forming and quiescent galaxies is in good agreement with
observational estimates, up to . Bulge dominated galaxies have sizes
that are offset low with respect to observational estimates, mainly due to our
implementation of disk instability at high redshift. At large masses, both
quiescent and bulge dominated galaxies have sizes smaller than observed. We
interpret this as a consequence of our most massive galaxies having larger gas
masses than observed, and therefore being more affected by dissipation. We
argue that a proper treatment of quasar driven winds is needed to alleviate
this problem. Our model compact galaxies have number densities in agreement
with observational estimates and they form most of their stars in small and low
angular momentum high- halos. GAEA predicts that a significant fraction of
compact galaxies forming at high- is bound to merge with larger structures
at lower redshifts: therefore they are not the progenitors of normal-size
passive galaxies at . Our model also predicts a stellar-halo size relation
that is in good agreement with observational estimates. The ratio between
stellar size and halo size is proportional to the halo spin and does not depend
on stellar mass but for the most massive galaxies, where AGN feedback leads to
a significant decrease of the retention factor (from about 80 per cent to 20
per cent).Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 17 pages, 11 figure
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