Probabilistically Safe Policy Transfer

Although learning-based methods have great potential for robotics, one concern is that a robot that updates its parameters might cause large amounts of damage before it learns the optimal policy. We formalize the idea of safe learning in a probabilistic sense by defining an optimization problem: we desire to maximize the expected return while keeping the expected damage below a given safety limit. We study this optimization for the case of a robot manipulator with safety-based torque limits. We would like to ensure that the damage constraint is maintained at every step of the optimization and not just at convergence. To achieve this aim, we introduce a novel method which predicts how modifying the torque limit, as well as how updating the policy parameters, might affect the robot's safety. We show through a number of experiments that our approach allows the robot to improve its performance while ensuring that the expected damage constraint is not violated during the learning process

The Effect of COVID-19 Risk-Enhancing Job Characteristics on Emotional Exhaustion

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed heightened threats to worker well-being. We know that different jobs pose different levels of risk to employees. Physical proximity and exposure to disease/illness are job characteristics that present threats to employee physical health. Based on cognitive theories of stress, we hypothesized that these job characteristics also pose a threat to employees’ emotional well-being. Our sample of 177 participants was made up of working students coming from the University of Central Florida, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, and healthcare professionals recruited using a snowball sampling method. These participants consisted primarily of healthcare workers, food service workers, teachers/ childcare workers, retail workers/ sales associates, amusement/ recreation workers, office assistants, interns, or customer service workers and grocery workers. We found that there is a significant positive association between risk-enhancing job characteristics and emotional exhaustion, but that anticipated workload change does not moderate these relationships. These findings suggest that risk-enhancing job characteristics do negatively affect employees. We suggest that managers act preventatively to limit employee strain by following CDC guidelines and/or offering remote work to reduce risk. Future research could examine other potential anticipated workplace stressors as a function of risk-enhancing job characteristics and employee well-bein

Using experience-based co-design to improve inpatient mental health spaces

Inpatient services are frequently constructed as a topic of concern in research and policy, often in response to service-users’ reports that wards are unsafe, boring, and lacking in amenities (Quirk & Lelliott, 2001). Our research shows that service-users, as well as staff and families, experience inpatient mental health spaces as impermeable, separate and stigmatising, and sometimes uncomfortable, chaotic and unsafe (Fenton et al., 2014; Hickman et al., 2015). Experience-based co-design (EBCD; Bate & Robert, 2007) is a participatory action research approach to service development, which has been used extensively in physical healthcare (Donetto, Tsianakas & Robert, 2014), but is only recently being used to improve mental health services (Larkin, Boden & Newton, 2014). This chapter will draw on EBCD projects from two NHS Mental Health Trusts. These projects brought together service-users, staff and families, alongside Trust management and community staff to co-design improvements to the inpatient wards. Sometimes these improvements were as simple as introducing soft furnishings and better signage, sometimes they were more complex interventions in the culture of the wards, however all the improvements, and perhaps more importantly, the improvement process, allowed service-users and families to feel more welcomed and comforted, and helped staff working in difficult circumstances feel more supported

Marketing research performance and strategy

Purpose - To investigate whether strategic orientation affects the evaluation of specific market research projects in for-profit firms.Design/methodology/approach - A small-scale follow-up survey was conducted, building on qualitative and quantitative research among a sample of the top-1,000 marketing managers in Australia. The study used an existing market research evaluation tool, the USER scale and items generated from the qualitative research, to investigate the firm\u27s most recent market research project.Findings - Four market research performance factors were identified - market research as a knowledge enhancing (KE) function, the internal political use of market research, the misuse of market research and the generation of market understanding. The Miles and Snow strategy types were related to these factors, with Prospector types more likely to use market research rationally and less likely to use it for internal political purposes. Tactical projects were more likely to be misused than were those with a strategic orientation. Prospectors were far less likely and analysers far more likely to misuse tactical research projects. Prospectors were more often satisfied with the performance of their most recent market research. The Porter typology was less successful in predicting market research performance.Research limitations/implications - The study was based on a small sample of market research projects in Australian for-profit firms. Future studies need to study these phenomena more intensively using ethnographic methods and more extensively using larger multi-country samples.Practical implications - Market research suppliers should learn the nature of their client\u27s strategic intent to improve their effectiveness. Defender firms should carefully monitor the use of market research, especially that of a tactical nature, which may be wasted or misused.Originality/value - Contributes to an understanding of how strategic orientation relates to the ways market research information is used within the firm. <br /