FewRel: A Large-Scale Supervised Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset with State-of-the-Art Evaluation

We present a Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset (FewRel), consisting of 70, 000 sentences on 100 relations derived from Wikipedia and annotated by crowdworkers. The relation of each sentence is first recognized by distant supervision methods, and then filtered by crowdworkers. We adapt the most recent state-of-the-art few-shot learning methods for relation classification and conduct a thorough evaluation of these methods. Empirical results show that even the most competitive few-shot learning models struggle on this task, especially as compared with humans. We also show that a range of different reasoning skills are needed to solve our task. These results indicate that few-shot relation classification remains an open problem and still requires further research. Our detailed analysis points multiple directions for future research. All details and resources about the dataset and baselines are released on http://zhuhao.me/fewrel.Comment: EMNLP 2018. The first four authors contribute equally. The order is determined by dice rolling. Visit our website http://zhuhao.me/fewre

HLA Class II Genes HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 Are Associated With the Antibody Response to Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 with the humoral immune response elicited by inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine (IJEV).Methods: A total of 373 individuals aged 3–12 years in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, who received two doses of IJEV at 0 and 7 days, were enrolled in the current study. Based on the individuals' specific JE virus (JEV)-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), they were divided into a seropositive and a seronegative group. HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 were genotyped using a sequencing-based typing method. Next, the association of the HLA class II genes and their haplotypes with antibody response was evaluated.Results: Based on NAbs, a total of 161 individuals were classified as seropositive and 212 as seronegative. DQB1*02:01 was significantly associated with JEV seropositivity (P < 0.001, OR = 0.364, 95% CI: 0.221–0.600), while DQB1*02:02 was significantly associated with JEV seronegativity (P = 5.03 × 10−6, OR = 7.341, 95% CI: 2.876–18.736). The haplotypes DRB1*07:01-DPB1*04:01-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*15:01-DPB1*02:01-DQB1*06:02, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01, and DPB1*02:01-DQB1*06:02 were very frequent in the seropositive group, while DRB1*07:01-DPB1*17:01-DQB1*02:02, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:02, and DPB1*17:01-DQB1*02:02 were very frequent in the seronegative group. The presence of DRB1*01:01, DRB1*04:05, DRB1*09:01, DRB1*12:02, DRB1*13:02, and DRB1*14:01 was associated with a higher geometric mean titer (GMT) of NAbs than that of DRB1*11:01 at the DRB1 locus (P < 0.05). At the DPB1 locus, the presence of DPB1*05:01 was associated with higher GMTs than that of DPB1*02:01 and DPB1*13:01 (P < 0.05), and the presence of DPB1*04:01 and DPB1*09:01 was associated with higher GMTs than that of DPB1*13:01 (P < 0.05).Conclusions: The present study suggests that HLA class II genes may influence the antibody response to IJEV

TRANSIENT MOTION SIMULATION AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR VALVE

Reciprocating compressor has many moving and damageable parts in which valve is the most frequently damaged component. A mathematical model of the valve movement was established according to its structure and motion characteristics.MATLAB and ANSYS software were used to study the transient motion law and the dynamic stress distribution of mesh valve.Then the impact of spring stiffness and transition arc on valve’s stress distribution was discussed. The results show that the stress generated by deformation is much greater than the impact stress. Maximum elastic deformation occurs in two thin elastic arms in which maximum equivalent stress generated. Changing the spring stiffness and the curvature of the transition arc can effectively reduce the stress and extend the life of the mesh valve. The results of the analysis have important theoretical significance for valve design optimization and the improvement of valve life

Trends of Grassland Resilience under Climate Change and Human Activities on the Mongolian Plateau

Grassland resilience is influenced by climate change and human activities. However, little is known about how grassland resilience has changed, driven by climate change and human activities, on the Mongolian Plateau. We calculated grassland resilience on the Mongolian Plateau from 2000 to 2021 using the kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI), quantified the trends of grassland resilience using a newly proposed “critical slowing down” indicator with a machine learning algorithm, and compared the driving forces for these changes between Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. The findings of this study demonstrate that heightened levels of precipitation and reduced temperature contribute to the enhanced resilience of grassland ecosystems on the Mongolian Plateau. Conversely, the presence of grazing activities exhibits a detrimental effect on such resilience. In semi-arid regions, approximately 43% of grassland areas are undergoing a discernible decline in resilience. This decline is particularly pronounced in regions characterized by heightened levels of grazing intensity. In addition, resilience declined in 54% of areas with population growth compared with 32% in areas with population decline. Inner Mongolia, with its higher intensity of human activities, has a more serious decline in ecological resilience than Mongolia, indicating that further ecological restoration measures are needed

Rapid Determination of Methyl Salicylate and Menthol in Activating Collaterals Oil by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

The near infrared spectra of 10 kinds of commercial collaterals oil samples were collected by liquid transmission analysis module, and the contents of methyl salicylate and menthol in collaterals oil were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The quantitative analysis model of methyl salicylate content (model 1) and menthol content (model 2) was established by correlating spectral information with measured values by partial least square method (PLS) in chemometrics. Model 1 was used to detect the content of methyl salicylate in activating oil. The predicted results showed that the absolute error was in the range of -0.098~0.082%, and the relative error was in the range of -9.986~8.195%. Model 2 was used to detect menthol in activating collaterals oil. The predicted results showed that the absolute error was in the range of -0.173~0.194%, and the relative error was in the range of -7.25~9.69%. A new method for rapid and accurate determination of methyl salicylate and menthol in activating collaterals oil was established

Studies on the spray dried lactose as carrier for dry powder inhalation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the spray dried lactose as carrier for dry powder inhalation (DPI). The lactose particles were prepared by spray drying, then the particle size, shape and crystal form were characterized by laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The spray dried lactose particles were spherical and amorphous, but would transfer to crystal form when storage humidity was above 32%. Thus, the humidity of the storage environment should be controlled below 30% strictly in order to maintain the amorphous nature of spray dried lactose which is a great benefit to DPI development

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Sensing In Vitro: Facile and Label-Free Detection of Apoptotic Cells at the Single-Cell Level

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is well recognized as a powerful analytical tool, enabling ultrahigh sensitive detection of analytes at low concentrations, even down to single-molecule level. Of particular note, in comparison to sufficient investigations on SERS-based detection of biomolecules (e.g., DNA and protein), there has been relatively scanty information regarding in vitro and in vivo detection. In this Article, we demonstrate a kind of SERS-active substrate, i.e., AgNPs-decorated silicon wafer (AgNPs@Si), as a high-performance in vitro sensing platform for single-cell detection of apoptotic cells. The AgNPs@Si yields highly reproducible SERS signals with an enhancement factor of ∼10⁷. Remarkably, cellular experiments show that facile, noninvasive, label-free, and sensitive detection of apoptotic cells is readily realized using the high-performance SERS-active platform. Three kinds of apoptotic cells treated with apoptosis inducer are facilely and sensitively detected at the single-cell level, suggesting the exciting potential of AgNPs@Si for SERS-based in vitro analysis and detection

Strain in Copper/Ceria Heterostructure Promotes Electrosynthesis of Multicarbon Products

Elastic strains in metallic catalysts induce enhanced selectivity for carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) toward valuable multicarbon (C2+) products. However, under worog conditions, the structure of catalysts inevitably undergoes reconstruction, hardly retaining the initial strain. Herein, we present a metal/metal oxide synthetic strategy to introduce and maintain the tensile strain in a copper/ceria heterostructure, enabled by the presence of a thin interface layer of Cu2O/CeO2. The tensile strain in the copper domain and deficient electron environment around interfacial Cu sites resulted in strengthened adsorption of carbonaceous intermediates and promoted *CO dimerization. The strain effect in the copper/ceria heterostructure leads to an improved C2+ selectivity with a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 76.4% and a half-cell power conversion efficiency of 49.1%. The fundamental insights gained from this system can facilitate the rational design of heterostructure catalysts for CO2R