Genetic Origins of Cultivated and Wild Grapevines from Morocco

Nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite loci were used to genotype Moroccan grapevine accessions (Vitis vinifera L.) from germplasm collections and from plants cultivated in farm fields or found under wild conditions. The genetic diversity of the global Moroccan sample was equivalent to what has been described for cultivated grapevines from other regions around the Mediterranean basin. The predominant chlorotypes among the analyzed samples were A and C, which are detected at higher frequencies in western and eastern regions of the V. vinifera range. Comparison of Moroccan accession genotypes with published genotypes for other grapevine cultivars shows the existence of multiple synonyms, especially between cultivars grown in Morocco and Spain, as expected given the long history of interaction in the region. Analysis of genetic relationships among Moroccan samples distinguished groups of cultivated and wild samples. The wild samples had chlorotype A, which could represent remnants of natural populations of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, or chlorotype C, which could represent cultivar derivatives or ancient cultivars generated by spontaneous hybridization among cultivated grapevines. Together the results point out the diverse genetic origin of cultivated and wild samples of grapevine in Morocco and emphasize the need to further collect and characterize its cultivated and wild grapevine germplasm.Peer reviewe

Genetic characterization and identification of the table grape accessions preserved in the living collection of Ain Taoujdate (Morocco)

We have characterized the 60 table grape accessions preserved at the living collection of the Domaine Expérimental de Ain Taoujdate (Morocco) through DNA analyses. Genetic profiling based on 13 SSRs and 240 SNP markers identified up to 40 different genotypes, denoting a certain level of redundancy. This information was useful to detect many cases of misspelled accessions, some misnamed varieties, and several potential new synonymies. The comparison of these genetic profiles with international databases led to the identification of 58 accessions as 38 table grape varieties, half of them corresponding to obtentions bred in recent programs of table grape improvement. Only two accessions (named “Diamant Noir” and “Sultanine Rosée”) did not match any known genetic profile. We found that “Sultanine Rosée” does not correspond to ‘Kishmish Rozovyi’, the described pink-berried variant of ‘Sultanina’. Indeed, it turned out to be a grape variety not catalogued in international genetic databases that arose from the cross between ‘Sultanina’ and ‘Fokiano’, which we suggest to name ‘Sultanine Rose Faux’. Besides, the duo detected between the accession “Diamant Noir” and the variety ‘Moscato D’Adda’ suggests that it might correspond to the table grape variety named ‘Diamante Nero’ (‘Pirovano 57’ × ‘Moscato D’Adda’). We proved that molecular-assisted parentage analyses could be an efficient approach to suggest an identity for grapevine varieties that lack a matching genotype in international catalogues

Pedigree analysis of the Spanish grapevine cultivar 'Hebén'

The use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers allows genetic identification and parentage analysis of grapevine cultivars. Ancient cultivars like 'Hebén' were widely cultivated in the Iberian Peninsula along its history and likely contributed to the origin of varieties which are still cultivated today. The goal of our study was to search for possible first-degree relationships between the female variety 'Hebén' and other Iberian and Mediterranean cultivars. For this purpose, we used a set of 261 SNP markers which allowed identifying 23 trios and 37 parent-offspring relationships supported by high overall likelihood ratios (LOD scores). The results shed light on the relationships among several cultivars from Spain and Portugal, and demonstrated that 'Hebén' is a major founder of current varieties in the Iberian Peninsula viticulture, and contributed to spread the chlorotype A in this region.L. H. ZINELABIDINE was supported by a fellowship from the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional. J. CUNHA was supported by a Post-doctoral fellowship “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” (SFRH/BPD/ 74895/2010). LHZ and JC were supported by COST action FA1003 “East-West Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and Mobilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding”, from European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research, through the funding of short scientific missions at the ICVV.Peer Reviewe

Pedigree analysis of the Spanish grapevine cultivar Heben

Trabajo presentado en la Final Conference Progress in Vitis Vinifera diversity evaluation and use, celebrada en Lisboa del 7 al 9 de octubre de 2014.Cost action FA1003 - GRAPENET. East-West Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and Mobilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding.Several studies have shown that some varieties have had a large contribution in the production of varieties in certain regions, like ‘Pinot’ and ‘Heunisch Weiss’ in France. Previous results had pointed out that the old Spanish female variety ‘Hebén’, known as ‘Mourisco Branco’ in Portugal, could be one of those varieties with a remarkable role in the Iberian Peninsula. This ancient winegrape cultivar was already described in Spain in the 16th century as a white variety of grapevine producing large and sparse bunches of grape with big seeds.Peer Reviewe

Grapevine cultivar "Alfrocheiro" or "Bruñal" plays a primary role in the relationship among iberian grapevines

The grapevine cultivar known in Portugal as 'Alfrocheiro', and in Spain as 'Bastardo Negro', 'Bruñal' or 'Baboso Negro', plays a central role in the genetic network of the Iberian Peninsula grapevine cultivars. Three sets of different molecular markers, SNPs, nSSRs and cpSSRs, revealed more than twenty parent-offspring links with this cultivar. 'Alfrocheiro' chlorotype is definitely Western European but their parents are still unknown. The distribution of the cultivar, their offspring as well as the two main co-parents direct to a geographic origin around the Portuguese and Spanish border. This cultivar and their progenies represent about 15 % of the total grapevine acreage in Portugal, stressing the importance of 'Alfrocheiro' in the Portuguese wine character.This research was supported by: IVV – Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho (Ministério da Agricultura e do Mar-MAM); Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural (PRODER - Ação 2.2.3.1. - PA 18621 - MAM) and J. CUNHA was supported by a Post-doctoral fellowship >Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia> (SFRH/BPD/74895/2010) and a short scientific mission in the ICVV was part of COST action, FA 1003 from European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research. L. H. ZINELABIDINE was supported by a fellowship from the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional and a short-term scientific mission from COST FA1003 >East-West Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and Mobilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding>.Peer Reviewe

Grapevine cultivar “Alfrocheiro” or “Bastardo Negro" plays a primary role in Iberian grapevine diversity

Trabajo presentado en la Final Conference Progress in Vitis Vinifera diversity evaluation and use, celebrada en Lisboa del 7 al 9 de octubre de 2014.Cost action FA1003 - GRAPENET. East-West Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and Mobilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding.The grapevine cultivar known in Portugal as ‘Alfrocheiro’, and in Spain as ’Bastardo Negro’, ’Bruñal’ or ’Baboso Negro’, plays a central role in the genetic network of the Iberian Peninsula grapevine cultivars. ‘Alfrocheiro’ was already identified as a progenitor of several cultivars either by SSRs or by SNPs but until now it progenitors are unknown.Peer Reviewe

Variabilité phénotypique de la phénologie végétative et de la biomasse d’une espèce d’intérêt écologique et économique au Maroc : Atriplex halimus L.

The halophyte plant, Atriplex halimus L., is of a great ecological and economical interest by its adaptation to the climatic and pedological conditions of the arid and semi-arid Mediterranean regions. This species, particularly adapted to arid and salt-affected areas, is used as a food for livestock forage, a wood source and a plant barrier against desert invasion (McKell 1989). In Morocco, A. halimus is widely distributed as a wild species. The description and the conservation of A. halimus genetic resources seem particularly important for the rehabilitation and disturbed areas by salt and low rainfall. Early study analysing the isoenzyme polymorphism, showed high genetic diversity in Moroccan populations of A. halimus (Haddioui & Baaziz 2001 ; Abbad et al. 2004a). In this study, the plant life history traits diversity of the same populations as studied by Haddioui & Baaziz (2001) was assessed using eleven morphological and phenological parameters. The morphological traits related with the ramification, leaves and fresh and dried mass production, which contributed mainly in the forage value of each plant were studied. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) has exhibited significant differences between populations for most of the morphological characters. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted two groups of population according to their geographical origin. The first group is composed by the littoral populations which are characterized by an increased vigour and high levels of forage production. All the remaining continental populations characterized by a weak vegetative development and low levels of forage production are clustered in the second group. This study showed a significant phenotypic heterogeneity between the nine studied populations. This variability is all the more significant as the populations are located in different climates.Dans une perspective de caractérisation des ressources naturelles d’Atriplex halimus L. au Maroc, la diversité phénotypique de neuf populations a été évaluée à l’aide de onze caractères morphométriques. Les paramètres phénologiques, l’aspect morphologique des rameaux et des feuilles et la production des matières fraîche et sèche d’A. halimus ont été étudiés, en raison de leur contribution à la valeur fourragère. Des différences significatives des paramètres phénologiques, de taille et de production des matières fraîche et sèche ont été observées entre populations. Deux groupes de populations ont été distingués par ACP. Le premier groupe est constitué des populations qui proviennent de stations littorales, caractérisées par des plantes plus vigoureuses ayant une biomasse fraîche et sèche élevée. Le second groupe est constitué de populations continentales caractérisées par des plantes moins vigoureuses ayant une biomasse fraîche et sèche faible.Haddioui Abdelmajid, Ould Mohamed Lemine Mohamed Mahmoud, Zinelabidine Lalla Hasna, Bouda Said. Variabilité phénotypique de la phénologie végétative et de la biomasse d’une espèce d’intérêt écologique et économique au Maroc : Atriplex halimus L.. In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 34,2008. pp. 65-72

Association analysis of VviMyb78 in relation to bunch compactness and the number of berries

Póster presentado en el X International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology, celebrado en Verona del 13 al 18 de junio de 2016.Peer Reviewe

Identification by SNP analysis of a major role for cayetana blanca in the genetic network of Iberian Peninsula grapevine varieties

Cayetana Blanca is a grapevine variety widely distributed in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Its numerous synonyms and its presence in northern Africa point to a long history of cultivation. The goal here was to identify the genetic relationships of Cayetana Blanca with other Iberian and Mediterranean cultivars using a panel of SNP markers. A total of 243 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and four chloroplast microsatellite loci allowed for identifying synonyms and trio (parents and offspring) and duo (parent-offspring) relationships. Six trios including Cayetana Blanca as a parent were found and supported by very high LODs. Five of the trios had the variety Alfrocheiro Preto as the other parent and gave rise to cultivars used in Portugal: Cornifesto, Camarate, Mouratón, Malvasia Preta, and Periquita. The Spanish cultivar Jaén Tinto is confirmed to be an offspring of Cayetana Blanca and Listán Prieto. Additionally, synonyms and duos were detected that, in some cases, were not anticipated. The parents of Cayetana Blanca remain unknown, while the geographical origin of Cayetana Blanca could be a border region between Portugal and Spain. Results show that this cultivar has had a relevant impact in the viticulture of that area. As in other European regions, viticulture in the Iberian Peninsula is also marked by the impact of certain varieties that have worked as progenitors of many present cultivars. The results also show the interconnection between Portuguese and Spanish viticulture. Finally, the study demonstrates that SNP is a powerful tool for parentage inference in grapevine. © 2012 by the American Society for Enology and Viticulture. All rights reserved.Lalla Hasna Zinelabidine was supported by a fellowship from Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI).This work was partially funded by an international research agreement between Genoma España and Genome Canada and by the EUI2008-03752 grant from the MICINN (Spain).Peer Reviewe

Genetic diversity and parentage of Tunisian wild and cultivated grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) as revealed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers

Based on 261 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we analyzed 57 grapevine genotypes, consisting of 29 wild grapevines (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) prospected from the northwest part of Tunisia and 28 cultivated accessions (V. vinifera subsp. vinifera) maintained in the repository of the Arid Land Institute of Medenine (Tunisia). Pair-wise multilocus comparison with the ICVV SNP database allowed the identification of 13 cultivated genotypes, including ten synonymous groups with known Mediterranean or international varieties, three cases of color sports, and two misnomers. Genotypic analysis showed a high level of genetic diversity for both wild and cultivated groups. Multivariate and structure analyses clearly differentiated wild from cultivated grapevines and showed high average posterior probabilities of assignment to their group of origin. The clustering results largely supported the perceived classification and reflect that most of the present Tunisian cultivated varieties do not derive directly from the local wild populations but could correspond to materials introduced from different locations during historical times. Parentage analysis allowed the determination of the genetic origin of four Tunisian cultivars, >Garai>, >Jerbi> (from Kerkennah), >Mahdoui>, and >Reine de Vignes faux>, and showed that >Heptakilo> and >Planta Fina>, two old and widely distributed varieties in the Mediterranean basin, had an important role in the origin of Tunisian grapevines. The present study demonstrates the efficacy of SNP makers for germplasm characterization and genetic studies in grapevine. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.This work was funded by AECID (Agencia Española de CooperaciónInternacionalpara el Desarrollo, Spain) within the framework of projects A/023457/09 and A/031064/10.Peer Reviewe