Die individuellen Kosten des Erziehungsurlaubs: Eine empirische Analyse der kurz- und längerfristigen Folgen für den Karriereverlauf von Frauen

Die Studie untersucht den Einfluss des Erziehungsurlaubs auf den weiteren Einkommensverlauf von Frauen mit Kindern. Der empirischen Analyse liegen Karriereverlaufsdaten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels für die Jahre 1984-1999 zugrunde, die durch Fixed-Effects-Regressionsmodelle analysiert werden. Danach verringern sich mit zunehmender Dauer des Erziehungsurlaubs die weiteren Karrierechancen von Frauen. Dieser Effekt kann durch die Rückkehr zum früheren Arbeitgeber nur teilweise wieder aufgehoben werden. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Auswirkungen des Erziehungsurlaubs kumulativ sind und die negativen Folgen sich nicht direkt beim Wiedereinstieg in den Beruf, sondern vor allem in mittel- und längerfristig geringeren Karrierechancen von Müttern auswirken. -- The paper addresses the impact of parental leave on the subsequent earnings trajectories of mothers. The empirical analyses are based on fixed-effect-regressions of wage data from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984-1999. The estimates show that subsequent wages are negatively related to length of parental leave. The negative effect of career interruptions is only partly compensated if women are able to return to their previous employer. In addition, the results show cumulative effects of parental leave periods: negative career effects are small at return to work, yet increase over the subsequent career.

Rearrangement of stresses in fault zones - detecting major issues of coupled hydraulic–mechanical processes with relevance to geothermal applications

The South German Molasse Basin provides favourable conditions for geothermal plants. Nevertheless, micro-seismic events occur in the vicinity of the geothermal Unterhaching Gt2 well and seem to be caused by the geothermal plant. The injection and production are located in an existing fault system. The majority of seismic events takes place at a horizontal distance of 500 m or less of the borehole. However, none of the seismic events are located in the injection reservoir but in fact at a significantly greater depth. A deeper process understanding of the interacting thermal–hydraulic–mechanical effects in the vicinity of the well is desired. This article presents a significantly simplified 2-D model, investigating interactions of the stress field in the vicinity of the geothermal well and movements in the fault system. This might be of special interest, as the operation of the geothermal plant might lead to changes in the material and fracture properties on the one hand and in the equilibrium state on the other. A detailed description of the model, as well as various parameter studies, is presented. It can be seen that boundary conditions such as direction of the stress field in relation to the fault system, geometry of the fault system and parameters of the fractures have a significant influence on stresses in the proximity of the geothermal well. A variation in the spatial stress field in some parts of the fault system is to be expected. For the chosen assumptions the dimension of this variation is about 25% of the assumed stresses. Future work on this model might focus on the characteristics of the fault system, as well as on the influence of the coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical effects

Modelling Pulse Magnetic Welding Processes

In recent years pulse magnetic welding technology gained an ever increasing attention. The process was known for over 40 years, yet the poor knowledge of process parameters as well as the difficulties concerning the calculability of the process due to lack of adequate software, performance and appropriate material models hindered the application of the technology. In the past, some simulations treating the process of explosive welding were conducted. There, the assumption was made to define a friction condition to the boundary regions which was reasonable due to similar conditions in the collision region during the process. However, at pulse magnetic welding processes, the contact forces are highly transient and have big gradients over the geometry. In this paper a new empirical approach is presented, which gives the possibility of modelling the welding process by parameter-controlled bonding at the welding interface. The pulse magnetic forming process was simulated by loose coupling of electromagnetic and mechanical FEM software with the commercial code ANSYS. As geometry the joining of a duct with an internally positioned conical bolt was chosen. The material used for both duct and bolt was EN AW 6063. First of all the influences of heat generation were analyzed. Therefore, the additional thermal simulation was coupled with the electromagnetic and the mechanical simulation. The heat generation caused by the plastic deformation was considered. As the resulting temperatures were below the melting temperature of the material, further simulations were carried out without thermal simulation. In order to calibrate the welding model, a set of relevant parameters were defined. It included the cumulative plastic work, the plastic deformation in collision direction, the normal and the tangential components of the collision velocity and the collision angle between the two parts. By comparing the simulation with experiments carried out at the same specific process parameters, it was possible to reduce the set of parameters to the normal collision velocity and plastic deformation. Based on their distribution, the parameter control of the bonding condition could be adjusted. Further experiments gave a high accordance to the simulations carried out with the parameters found for this model

Проектирование релейной защиты и автоматики района линии 220 кВ ПС «Тулинская» – «Новосибирская ГЭС» Новосибирской энергосистемы

Объектом исследования являются релейная защита и автоматика линии Подстанция Тулинская – Новосибирская ГЭС напряжением 220 кВ. В процессе исследования проводились анализ защищаемого объекта, обоснование и выбор видов и состава релейной защиты, аппаратной реализации релейной защиты линии электропередачи, расчет уставок и чувствительности релейной защиты линии электропередачи.The object of the research are relay protection and automation of the Tulinskaya substation - Novosibirsk HPP line with a voltage of 220 kV. The study carried out an analysis of the protected object, the justification and the choice of species and the composition of the relay protection, a hardware implementation of relaying the transmission line, the calculation of sensitivity settings and relaying the transmission line

The Users' Perspective on the Privacy-Utility Trade-offs in Health Recommender Systems

Privacy is a major good for users of personalized services such as recommender systems. When applied to the field of health informatics, privacy concerns of users may be amplified, but the possible utility of such services is also high. Despite availability of technologies such as k-anonymity, differential privacy, privacy-aware recommendation, and personalized privacy trade-offs, little research has been conducted on the users' willingness to share health data for usage in such systems. In two conjoint-decision studies (sample size n=521), we investigate importance and utility of privacy-preserving techniques related to sharing of personal health data for k-anonymity and differential privacy. Users were asked to pick a preferred sharing scenario depending on the recipient of the data, the benefit of sharing data, the type of data, and the parameterized privacy. Users disagreed with sharing data for commercial purposes regarding mental illnesses and with high de-anonymization risks but showed little concern when data is used for scientific purposes and is related to physical illnesses. Suggestions for health recommender system development are derived from the findings.Comment: 32 pages, 12 figure

Скарны и послескарновые метасоматиты северной части Саралинского рудного поля

В статье рассматривается геологическая позиция скарнов и послескарновых метасоматитов. Даются краткие петрографические, геохимические характеристики и устанавливается их генетическая связь с более молодой, незолотоносной интрузией гранит-гранодиоритового состава

Хімічна інженерна освіта: історія розвитку

У статті висвітлюється питання підготовки інженерів-хіміків для народного господарства в системі вищої освіти України.The article is devoted to the problem training of chemical engineer for national economy in system of the higher education of the Ukraine