TB123: Experimental Application of B.t.i. for Larval Black Fly Control: Persistance and Downstream Carry, Efficacy, Impact on Non-target Invertebrates and Fish Feeding

In the summer of 1985 a field experiment was conducted in the Sugarloaf area of Maine on the use of B.t.i. to reduce the numbers of black fly larvae in the Carrabassett River and a tributary stream. The objectives were to determine the rate of application necessary to produce an acceptable reduction in black fly larvae, to study the fate and persistence of B.t.i. in a stream following application, to determine the impact of B.t.i. on the abundance and drift of non-target stream insects and on the feeding success and diet composition of fishes in the treated streams.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_techbulletin/1083/thumbnail.jp

Phytotoxic effects of red clover amended soils on wild mustard seedling growth. Agric Ecosyst Env 2000

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that phenolics from legume green manures may contribute to weed control through allelopathy. The objective was to determine if red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) residue amended field soils expressed phytotoxicity to a weed species, wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Field plots involving incorporation treatments of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble or wheat stubble plus 2530 kg ha −1 red clover residue, were sampled at −12, 8, 21, 30, 41, 63, and 100 days after residue incorporation (DAI). Soil-water extracts (1 : 1, m : v) were analyzed for plant nutrients and phenolic content. Phytotoxicity of the extracts was measured using a laboratory wild mustard bioassay. There was a 20% reduction of radicle growth in the green manure treatment in comparison with the wheat stubble treatment, but only at the first sample date after residue incorporation (8 DAI). The radicle growth reduction had the highest correlation with the concentration of soluble phenolics in the soil : water extracts. Bioassays using aqueous extracts of the clover shoots and roots alone predicted a radicle growth reduction of 18% for the quantity of clover amendment rate used in the field plots. The close agreement of the predicted and observed root growth reduction at 8 DAI further supports clover residue as the source of the phytotoxicity. This study demonstrates that the potential exists for using legume green manures to reduce the amounts of synthetic herbicides needed for weed control

Integrating Archaeological Theory and Predictive Modeling: a Live Report from the Scene

Archaeological predictive modeling has been used successfully for over20 years as a decision-making tool in cultural resources management. Itsappreciation in academic circles however has been mixed because of its perceivedtheoretical poverty. In this paper, we discuss the issue of integrating currentarchaeological theoretical approaches and predictive modeling. We suggest amethodology for doing so based on cognitive archaeology, middle range theory,and paleoeconomic modeling. We also discuss the problems associated with testingpredictive models