Intimate encounters : the materiality of translation in Egyptian novels of the late Nahḍa

textFoucault described translation as an instance of two languages colliding; Spivak calls translation “the most intimate act of reading.” Considering the two Egyptian novels ‘Uṣfūr min al-sharq by Tawfīq al-Ḥakīm (1938) and Qindīl umm hāshim by Yaḥyā Ḥaqqī (1944), this paper argues that the particularly subtle type of translation that they employ from French and English into Arabic can be best analyzed with a theoretical model of translation that, following Foucault and Spivak, emphasizes the material properties of languages, and specifically, their capacity to engage each other physically through acts of colliding, coupling, and reproducing. Such a method of analysis suggests fruitful new implications for looking at how language and literature traveled between Egypt and Europe during the so-called Arab Renaissance (the nahḍa) of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including what possibilities for the Arabic language might have emerged in its intimate engagement with the languages of the European other. Moreover, this model of translation allows us to move beyond the politicized paradigms that dominate the field of contemporary translation studies and embrace the contradictions and paradoxes inherent in any encounter between cultures, societies, and languages, and in any act of translation.Middle Eastern Studie

Advancing Justice: A History of the School of Education at the University of San Francisco

In 1947, the University of San Francisco began a Department of Education that originally enrolled twenty-two secondary credential students. After significant enrollment growth and program development, the Department of Education was upgraded to the School of Education by the USF Board of Trustees in 1972. By the 2022-2023 academic year, there were more than one thousand students enrolled in the School of Education in a wide range of doctoral, master’s, credential, and certificate programs. The School of Education celebrated its 50th anniversary during the 2022-23 academic year, during which it offered eighteen master’s and credential programs to prepare teachers, counselors, and leaders to promote student success and to strengthen the community. Students could pursue a master’s degree with a credential or a credential alone while completing an undergraduate degree. The school also offered four doctoral programs: Catholic Educational Leadership, Organization and Leadership, International and Multicultural Education, and Learning and Instruction. The various degree and credential programs were complemented by numerous community engagement opportunities and several certificate programs in technology, reading, teaching English to speakers of other languages, Catholic leadership, and bilingual authorization. This monograph will chronicle the history of the School of Education at the University of San Francisco. It is a story of how faculty, administrators, students, and alumni were guided by Jesuit principles of social justice, a commitment to inclusive academic excellence, and a belief that education is a powerful means to make the world a better place

Animal age as a factor that determines the way they are conceptualised

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie utrwalonego w zasobie leksykalnym mieszkańców wsi sposobu konceptualizowania zwierząt ze względu na fazę ich życia. Analiza słownictwa animalistycz-nego zebranego w wyniku przeprowadzonych badań terenowych na obszarze wybranych wsi małopolskich wykazała, że parametr wieku w znacznym stopniu determinuje sposób oglądu i wartościowania zwierząt. W aktach wartościujących świat zwierzęcy silnie zaznacza się pragmatyczny punkt widzenia wiejskiej społeczności, która ocenia zwierzęta przez pryzmat ich użyteczności, często uwarunkowanej wiekiem. Wpływ czynnika temporalnego szczególnie widoczny jest w kategorii ‘nazw zwierząt młodych’, która jest wewnętrznie zróżnicowana. Współtworzy ją kilka różnorodnych podkategorii semantycznych odpowiadających poszcze-gólnym fazom rozwoju istot niedorosłych. Szczegółowe dookreślenie wieku młodych zwierząt ma podłoże pragmatyczne, wiąże się z potrzebą wyznaczenia cezury, która niejednokrotnie decyduje o zmianie przeznaczenia zwierzęcia. O ile słownictwo nazywające istoty młode jest nacechowane pozytywne, o tyle leksyka animalistyczna komunikująca treści semantyczne związane ze starością zwierząt w więk-szości ma charakter deprecjonujący. Przyjęcie w interpretacji słownictwa animalistyczne-go perspektywy temporalnej jest zatem ściśle powiązane z kontekstem aksjologicznym, co szczególnie uwidacznia się w binarnej opozycji stare : młode.The objective of the article is presenting the way villagers conceptualise animals in terms of their life phase, as reflected in their lexis. The analysis of the animal vocabulary col-lected during field research in selected villages of Lesser Poland (Małopolska) indicates that the age factor significantly determines the way animals are perceived and valued. In the acts that value the animal world, the villagers’ practical point of view is visible, 1 Niniejszy tekst jest rezultatem badań przeprowadzonych w ramach projektu dla młodych naukowców realizowanego w Instytucie Języka Polskiego PAN w Krakowie. 236 Beata Ziajkaas they often evaluate animals in terms of their usefulness which often depends on the age. The influence of the temporal aspect is especially noticeable in the category of "the names of young animals" which is internally diversified. The category includes several semantic sub-categories that correspond to particular phases of the development of im-mature animals. Detailed specification of the age of young animals has a pragmatic basis - it results from the need to specify a turning point which often determines the change in the animal’s function. While the vocabulary related to young animals is positive, the animal lexis communicating semantic content concerning their old age is usually depreciating. Thus, adopting the temporal perspective in the interpretation of animal vocabulary is strictly related to the axiological context, which is particularly reflected in the binary opposition of old-young