Anti-endometriosis Mechanism of Jiawei Foshou San Based on Network Pharmacology

Jiawei Foshou San (JFS) is the new formula originated from classic Foshou San formula, composed with ligustrazine, ferulic acid, and tetrahydropalmatine. Previously JFS inhibited the growth of endometriosis (EMS) with unclear mechanism, especially in metastasis, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. In this study, network pharmacology was performed to explore potential mechanism of JFS on EMS. Through compound–compound target and compound target–EMS target networks, key targets were analyzed for pathway enrichment. MMP–TIMP were uncovered as one cluster of the core targets. Furthermore, autologous transplantation of EMS rat’s model were used to evaluate in vivo effect of JFS on invasion, metastasis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. JFS significantly suppressed the growth, and reduced the volume of ectopic endometrium, with modification of pathologic structure. In-depth study, invasion and metastasis were restrained after treating with JFS through decreasing MMP-2 and MMP-9, increasing TIMP-1. Meanwhile, JFS promoted E-cadherin, and attenuated N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, Slug, ZEB1, ZEB2, Twist. In brief, anti-EMS effect of JFS might be related to the regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transformation, thereby inhibition of invasion and metastasis. These findings reveal the potential mechanism of JFS on EMS and the benefit for further evaluation

An assessment of tight oil resource potential in Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

The Cardium Formation “halo oil” occurs either in the fringe of, or between, existing conventional discrete sandstone reservoirs. It is commonly associated with conventional oil and gas pools in stratigraphic traps. This paper uses a geological model-based simulation approach to assess Cardium “halo oil” resource potential. The geological model-based approach consists of a geological model, a resource model and a stochastic modeling procedure that extracts essential information regarding the richness and spatial characteristics of oil resources from various data sources using statistical methods. It integrates them with the geological and resource models, respectively, to estimate the resource potential. This approach predicts not only the resource potential, but also the resource spatial distribution and the exploration risk. These outcomes provide critical information for exploration decision-making. Cardium “halo-oil” assessment results indicate a mean total oil in-place (conventional and unconventional) of 4.6×109 m3 and a mean undiscovered “halo oil” in-place of 2.9×109 m3. Using current technology and economic constraints the undiscovered recoverable “halo oil” in this tight formation is 0.11×109 m3. This represents <4% of the remaining in-place oil resource, but it accounts for 38% of the total recoverable Cardium oil. A comparison with resource estimates obtained using a well-performance approach that is based on production data extrapolations from stimulated horizontal wells suggests that the mean recoverable estimate obtained using the two different approaches are similar, suggesting that the geological model-based approach provides a reliable oil resource potential estimate. Key words: unconventional, Halo oil pool, stochastic simulation, resource assessmen

Thermoporoelastoplastic Wellbore Breakout Modeling by Finite Element Method

Drilling a hole into rock results in stress concentration and redistribution close to the hole. When induced stresses exceed the rock strength, wellbore breakouts will happen. Research on wellbore breakout is the fundamental of wellbore stability. A wellbore breakout is a sequence of stress concentrations, rock falling, and stress redistributions, which involve initiation, propagation, and stabilization sequences. Therefore, simulating the process of a breakout is very challenging. Thermoporoelastoplastic models for wellbore breakout analysis are rare due to the high complexity of the problem. In this paper, a fully coupled thermoporoelastoplastic finite element model is built to study the mechanism of wellbore breakouts. The process of wellbore breakouts, the influence of temperature and the comparison between thermoporoelastic and thermoporoelastoplastic models are studied in the paper. For the finite element modeling, the D-P criterion is used to determine whether rock starts to yield or not, and the maximum tensile strain criterion is used to determine whether breakouts have happened

Probability mapping of petroleum occurrence with a multivariate-Bayesian approach for risk reduction in exploration, Nanpu Sag of Bohay Bay Basin, China

A multivariate-Bayesian approach has been applied to the Nanpu Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, to evaluate probability of oil occurrence. The geological data from 343 exploratory wells and seismic interpretations that were available at the end of 2004 were used for the purpose. Seventeen wells were drilled after the evaluation in 2005, sixteen of which reached their target horizon. Eight of the nine wells drilled in areas with a predicted high probability of hydrocarbon occurrence (>50%) encountered commercial oil, indeed; post-drilling analysis indicated that seven of these eight wells yielded high flow rates from thick net pay, and that one of these wells yielded a low flow rate. Seven wells were drilled in areas with a predicted relatively low probability (<50%) of oil occurrence; three of them were dry and four recovered oil with relatively low flow rates. Comparison of the post-drilling results with the pre-drilling prediction suggests that the multivariate-Bayesian approach can help visualize geological risk, thus improving exploration success by optimizing the drilling strategy

Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Southern Ontario, Canada

Salt caverns produced by solution mining in Southern Ontario provide ideal spaces for gas storage due to their low permeability. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is an important part of the future renewable energy market in Ontario in order to achieve global carbon neutrality and to fill the gap left by retiring nuclear power plants. However, large-scale hydrogen storage is still restricted by limited storage space on the ground’s surface. In this study, hydrogen’s physical and chemical properties are first introduced and characterized by low molecular weight, high diffusivity, low solubility, and low density. Then, the geological conditions of the underground reservoirs are analyzed, especially salt caverns. Salt caverns, with their inert cavity environments and stable physical properties, offer the most promising options for future hydrogen storage. The scales, heights, and thicknesses of the roof and floor salt layers and the internal temperatures and pressures conditions of salt caverns can affect stabilities and storage capacities. Finally, several potential problems that may affect the safe storage of hydrogen in salt caverns are discussed. Through the comprehensive analysis of the influencing factors of hydrogen storage in salt caverns, this study puts forward the most appropriate development strategy for salt caverns, which provides theoretical guidance for UHS in the future and helps to reduce the risk of large-scale storage design

Probability mapping of petroleum occurrence with a multivariate-Bayesian approach for risk reduction in exploration, Nanpu Sag of Bohay Bay Basin, China

A multivariate-Bayesian approach has been applied to the Nanpu Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, to evaluate probability of oil occurrence. The geological data from 343 exploratory wells and seismic interpretations that were available at the end of 2004 were used for the purpose. Seventeen wells were drilled after the evaluation in 2005, sixteen of which reached their target horizon. Eight of the nine wells drilled in areas with a predicted high probability of hydrocarbon occurrence (>50%) encountered commercial oil, indeed; post-drilling analysis indicated that seven of these eight wells yielded high flow rates from thick net pay, and that one of these wells yielded a low flow rate. Seven wells were drilled in areas with a predicted relatively low probability (<50%) of oil occurrence; three of them were dry and four recovered oil with relatively low flow rates. Comparison of the post-drilling results with the pre-drilling prediction suggests that the multivariate-Bayesian approach can help visualize geological risk, thus improving exploration success by optimizing the drilling strategy

Application of the 3D-Printing and Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components in the Design of a Micro-Propulsion System

For the universities and private companies that have just been involved in the field of small satellites, it’s not easy to develop a propulsion system without special test equipment, rich experience and commercially available astronautics grade components, especially in the countries where the astronautic components sales market has not been fully developed. Accordingly, a micro propulsion system for small satellites is being developed, which contains welded tanks, a 3Dprinted steam storage tank, heaters, solenoid valves and nozzles. HFC-134a is chosen to be the propellant because of its safety and accessibility. The steam storage tank and isolation solenoid valve nearby are used for pressure reducing, which avoids buying an astronautic grade pressure reducing valve from the market and make the propellant vaporized. Additive manufacturing is used to make special-shaped surfaces, reduce welding joints and the time of the steam storage tank production. In order to prevent the liquid propellant from entering the pipeline, the outlet of the propellant tank extends to the middle of the tank through a pipe. HFC-134a liquid will be infiltrated into aluminum alloy tank wall away from the outlet, which avoids the use of a Propellant Management Device (PMD). A prototype of the system is being developed and tested. A simple thrust measurement method has been developed, and a large amount of experimental data has been obtained. The requirement, selection, design, prototype test and difficulties are reviewed in this paper, to provide a reference for the development of other propulsion systems

Probability mapping of petroleum occurrence with a multivariate-Bayesian approach for risk reduction in exploration, Nanpu Sag of Bohay Bay Basin, China

A multivariate-Bayesian approach has been applied to the Nanpu Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, to evaluate probability of oil occurrence. The geological data from 343 exploratory wells and seismic interpretations that were available at the end of 2004 were used for the purpose. Seventeen wells were drilled after the evaluation in 2005, sixteen of which reached their target horizon. Eight of the nine wells drilled in areas with a predicted high probability of hydrocarbon occurrence (>50%) encountered commercial oil, indeed; post-drilling analysis indicated that seven of these eight wells yielded high flow rates from thick net pay, and that one of these wells yielded a low flow rate. Seven wells were drilled in areas with a predicted relatively low probability (<50%) of oil occurrence; three of them were dry and four recovered oil with relatively low flow rates. Comparison of the post-drilling results with the pre-drilling prediction suggests that the multivariate-Bayesian approach can help visualize geological risk, thus improving exploration success by optimizing the drilling strategy