FE analysis on the influence of width direction deformation on springback control in v-bending by sheet forging

There have some problems in the press engineering. One of the most representative phenomena is springback. Traditionally, a series of empirical methods were used to obtain target bending angle. However, such methods are relied on the ability and experience of engineer. Therefore, the control of springback is important. According to the viewpoint of plastic processing, it is considered that springback could be controlled by sheet forging method which was added after V-bending process used a punch with a single lump-punch. On the other hand, warp would occur in air bending process when the ratio of width to thickness is relatively small. So, it is considered that width direction deformation would affect springback control to some extent in case of warp is occurred. In this study, V-bending and continuous forging processes were conducted used FE analysis. From the analytical results, occurrence of warp was found. Next, model of these processes in consideration of warp was re-modified. Finally, it was found that the springback was controlled to some extent derived from width direction deformation

Experimental study of liquid to air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) performance by measuring its temperature fields

Many studies have already been conducted to assess liquid to air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) performance by numerical and experimental methods. However, the LAMEE temperature field is still an unknown area due to the operation difficult. In this study, an experimental method is adopted to investigate the performance of LAMEE by measuring its temperature fields. The effects of main parameters such as the solution temperature, solution concentration and air relative humidity, are investigated. The results show that the air relative humidity and solution temperature have negative influences on the LAMEE efficiency. It is found that the total effectiveness reduces 2.7% and 7.7% when the air relative humidity increases from 62% to 74%, and the solution temperature changes from 18℃ to 26℃, respectively. Increasing the solution concentration decreases the sensible effectiveness while enhancing the latent and total effectiveness. The total effectiveness increases 3.5% as the solution concentration increase from 30% by 39%. These results are useful to optimize the LAMEE in the future

Experimental study of a membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidifier based on internal air temperature variation

A membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidifier with the separated air stream and liquid desiccant channels has the ability to solve its working fluid carryover problem in the traditional direct contact system. The sensible, latent, total effectiveness and air moisture removal rate are adopted for the dehumidifier performance evaluation in this paper, and the dehumidifier main operating parameters are investigated experimentally to identify their influences and internal air temperature variations, including inlet air relative humidity (RH), inlet solution concentration and temperature, heat capacity rate ratio (Cr*) and number of heat transfer units (NTU). It is found that both the inlet air RH and solution temperature have the negative influences on the dehumidifier effectiveness, while the desiccant solution concentration has little positive influence; the air moisture removal rate rises sharply with the inlet air RH and solution concentration. The highest sensible, latent and total effectiveness achieved in this study are 0.823, 0.802 and 0.810 respectively when both Cr* and NTU are equal to 12. However the operating condition with NTU=8 and Cr*=6 is recommended with the corresponding sensible, latent and total effectiveness of 0.758, 0.71 and 0.728 respectively

Influences of the mixed LiCl-CaCl 2 liquid desiccant solution on a membrane-based dehumidification system: parametric analysis and mixing ratio selection

The membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidification system has high energy efficiency without the traditional liquid system carry-over problem. The performance of such a system strongly depends on solution's temperature and concentration, which have direct relationship to the solution surface vapour pressure. Compared with the pure liquid desiccant solution, the mixed liquid desiccant solution has lower surface vapour pressure, better system performance and lower material cost. In this paper, the performance of a flat-plate membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidification system with the mixed solution (LiCl and CaCl2) is investigated through theoretical and experimental approaches. A mathematical model is established to predict the system performance, while the electrolyte non-random two-liquid (NRTL) method is applied to calculate the mixed solution properties. The influences of the solution mixing ratio, temperature Tsol and concentration Csol are evaluated, and it is found that the regeneration heat Qreg can be dramatically reduced by either applying a high concentration solution or increasing CaCl2 content in the mixed solution. Compared with the pure LiCl solution system, the mixed solution system COP can be improved up to 30.23% by increasing CaCl2 content for a 30% concentration solution. The optimum mixing ratio varies with the solution concentration. For the mixed LiCl-CaCl2 solution, the system highest COPs appear at the mixing ratios of 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1 for 20%, 30% and 40% concentrations respectively

State-of-art in modelling methods of membrane-based liquid desiccant heat and mass exchanger: a comprehensive review

Air dehumidification is of vital importance in building air conditioning and production safety. Semi-permeable membrane module is a novel heat and mass exchanger, which separates the air and liquid desiccant to overcome desiccant droplet carry-over problem in traditional direct-contact systems. Recently, some research works have been carried out in mathematical modelling and experimental testing of membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidification technology. Compared with the experimental testing, the mathematical modelling has advantages of significant time and cost reductions, practically unlimited level of detail, more profound understanding of physical mechanism and better investigation of critical situation without any risks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various modelling methods for two types of membrane-based liquid desiccant modules: flat plate and hollow fiber

A Reliability-Based Network Equilibrium Model with Adaptive Risk-Averse Travelers

In this paper, route free-flow travel time is taken as the lower bound of route travel time to examine its impacts on budget time and reliability for degradable transportation networks. A truncated probability density distribution with respect to route travel time is proposed and the corresponding travel time budget (TTB) model is derived. The budget time and reliability are compared between TTB models with and without truncated travel time distribution. Under truncated travel time distribution, the risk-averse levels of travelers are adaptive, which are affected by the characteristics of the used routes besides the confidence level of travelers. Then, a TTB-based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) is developed to model travelers’ route choice behavior. Moreover, its equivalent variational inequality (VI) problem is formulated and a route-based algorithm is used to solve the proposed model. Numerical results indicate that route travel time boundary produces a great influence on decision cost and route choice behavior of travelers. Document type: Articl

Parametric analysis of a cross-flow membrane-based parallel-plate liquid desiccant dehumidification system: numerical and experimental data

Operating parameters of a membrane-based parallel-plate liquid desiccant dehumidification system are investigated in this paper. The liquid desiccant and air are in a cross-flow arrangement, and separated by semi-permeable membranes to avoid carry-over problem. A numerical model is developed to simulate the system performance, and validated by experimental and analytical results. Impacts of main operating parameters on the system performance (i.e. sensible, latent and total effectiveness) are evaluated, which include dimensionless parameters (i.e. solution to air mass flow rate ratio m^* and number of heat transfer units NTU), solution properties (i.e. concentration C_sol and temperature T_sol) and inlet air conditions (i.e. temperature T_(air,in) and relative humidity 〖RH〗_(air,in)). It is found that m^* and NTU are two of the most important parameters influencing the system effectiveness. Even though the system performance can be improved by m^*and NTU, its increasing gradient is limited when m^*and NTU exceed 1 and 4 respectively. Decreasing solution temperature does not make a great improvement to the system performance, however, increasing solution concentration is a good approach to enhance the latent effectiveness without influencing the sensible effectiveness. The system shows the broad adaptability in various weather conditions, and has the ability to provide relative stable state supply air

Performance evaluation of a membrane-based flat-plate heat and mass exchanger used for liquid desiccant regeneration

Liquid desiccant dehumidification system has gained much progress recently for its considerable energy saving potential without liquid water condensation. Within the system, regeneration is of great importance since diluted desiccant solution after dehumidification needs to be re-concentrated. The operational characteristics of a membrane-based flat-plate heat and mass exchanger used for liquid desiccant regeneration are investigated in this study. The liquid desiccant and air are in a cross-flow arrangement, and separated by semi-permeable membranes to avoid carry-over problem. The regeneration performance is examined by numerical simulation and experimental test. Solution side effectiveness, temperature decrease rate (TDR) and moisture flux rate (MFR) are applied to evaluate heat and mass transfer in the regenerator. Effects of main operating parameters are assessed, which include dimensionless parameters (i.e. number of heat transfer units NTU and solution to air mass flow rate ratio m∗), solution inlet properties (i.e. temperature T sol,in and concentration C sol,in) and air inlet conditions (i.e. temperature T air,in and humidity ratio air,in). It is found that m∗ and NTU are two of the most important parameters and their effects on the regeneration performance are interacted with each other. There is hardly benefit to the performance improvement by increasing NTU at low m∗ or increasing m∗ at low NTU. Even though the regeneration performance can be improved by increasing m∗ and NTU, its improvement gradient is limited when m∗ and NTU exceed 2 and 4 respectively. It is also found that increasing olution inlet temperature is an effective approach to enhance the regeneration performance, while air inlet temperature and humidity ratio have negligible effects on it

Techno-economic assessment of the horizontal geothermal heat pump systems: a comprehensive review

Geothermal heat pump has been widely recognized as one of the promising technologies for building applications because of its high energy efficiency and low operating expense, however the high capital investment and installation costs discourage building owners to choose such a system. The horizontal geothermal heat pump system with reduced cost is a viable option that would be utilized widely, the aim of this paper is to catalogue and critique a range of effective approaches for the horizontal geothermal heat pump systems in different regions based on techno-economic assessment data. A ground heat exchanger is a vital component of the horizontal geothermal heat pump. The state-of-the-art analytical and numerical models of the linear-loop, slinky-coil and spiral-coil ground heat exchangers are generalized, in addition to their advantages and disadvantages. A large number of economic evaluation methods for analysing the financial performance of the horizontal geothermal heat pump system are presented. At the end, the standpoints, recommendations and potential future study on the horizontal geothermal heat pump system are deliberated

Steady-state performance evaluation and energy assessment of a complete membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidification system

A complete membrane-based liquid desiccant dehumidification system is investigated under the steady operating condition, which mainly consists of a dehumidifier, a regenerator, three heat exchangers, a cold and a hot water supply units. A finite difference mathematical model is developed for the complete system to investigate the system dehumidification performance and energy requirement, and validated by experimental data. The dehumidification performance is evaluated by the system sensible and latent effectiveness and moisture flux rate, while its energy performance is assessed by the total cooling capacity and coefficient of performance. It is found that the number of heat transfer units in the dehumidifier side and solution to air mass flow rate ratio have the most considerable impact on the system performance, while the number of heat transfer units in the regenerator side and solution inlet concentration in the dehumidifier have comparatively weak influences. The system sensible and latent effectiveness can be improved by increasing the dehumidifier side number of heat transfer units before reaching its critical value of 6. However, the amount of moisture being absorbed, total cooling capacity and coefficient of performance decrease with the dehumidifier side number of heat transfer units at the low air flow rate. The critical value of solution to air mass flow rate ratio varies with number of heat transfer units, and it is preferable to keep the flow rate ratio at or below its critical value as further increasing solution flow rate would reduce the system coefficient of performance