49 research outputs found
Atomic Structural Models of Fibrin Oligomers
Β© 2018 Elsevier Ltd The space-filling fibrin network is a major part of clots and thrombi formed in blood. Fibrin polymerization starts when fibrinogen, a plasma protein, is proteolytically converted to fibrin, which self-assembles to form double-stranded protofibrils. When reaching a critical length, these intermediate species aggregate laterally to transform into fibers arranged into branched fibrin network. We combined multiscale modeling in silico with atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging to reconstruct complete atomic models of double-stranded fibrin protofibrils with Ξ³-Ξ³ crosslinking, A:a and B:b knob-hole bonds, and Ξ±C regionsβall important structural determinants not resolved crystallographically. Structures of fibrin oligomers and protofibrils containing up to 19 monomers were successfully validated by quantitative comparison with high-resolution AFM images. We characterized the protofibril twisting, bending, kinking, and reversibility of A:a knob-hole bonds, and calculated hydrodynamic parameters of fibrin oligomers. Atomic structures of protofibrils provide a basis to understand mechanisms of early stages of fibrin polymerization. Zhmurov et al. used 27 relevant crystal structures to computationally reconstruct the full-atomic models of fibrin oligomers and protofibrils, which correlate with high-resolution atomic force microscopy images. The structures contain much valuable information for understanding the early stages of fibrin polymerization
ΠΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΡ
The aim of this study was to examine the firnctional metabolic processes in the alveolar macrohpages (AM) in patients with infection-dependent bronchial asthma (BA) depending on the desease phase and of a possibility of their correction with antioxidants. Infection-dependent BA patients who received antioxidant "Emoxypyne" in addition to the conventional therapy demonstrated a more pronounced lowering lipid peroxidation, increase antioxidant abilities and normalisation phoshpolipid fraction in AM than those given the conventional therapy alone. The data obtaned attest to the activation lipoperoxidation processes and to inhibition of antioxidant defense system in AM from the patients with BA, providing evidense in favour of including antioxidants in combined therapy of BA.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² (AM) Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ (ΠΠ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ "ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² - Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΡ", ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ Π2. ΠΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ Π2, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
ΠΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΡ (Π‘ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ I)
We studied membranopathological processes in the alveolar macrophages (AM) of bronchial asthmatic patients in various phases of the disease: 59 affected with infection-dependent BA and 24 with atopic. Subject to monitoring were the activities of antioxidant AM compound system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, etc.), the contents of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugates (DC) and hydrogen peroxide, and the levels of membrane phospholipids. The AM in acute BA demonstrated hyperactive lipid peroxidation, suppressed antioxidant potentials of lipids, and intense hydrogen peroxide generation processes. MDA and DC concentrations were reduced, though not to a normal level, during remissions, to reveal a trend toward higher AM antioxidant activity than in acute phases.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³Π°Ρ
(ΠΠ) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ (ΠΠ) Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ 59 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ ΠΈ 24 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΌΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π·Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° (Π ΠΠ), Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ: ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Regulatory element in fibrin triggers tension-activated transition from catch to slip bonds
Β© 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved. Fibrin formation and mechanical stability are essential in thrombosis and hemostasis. To reveal how mechanical load impacts fibrin, we carried out optical trap-based single-molecule forced unbinding experiments. The strength of noncovalent A:a knob-hole bond stabilizing fibrin polymers first increases with tensile force (catch bonds) and then decreases with force when the force exceeds a critical value (slip bonds). To provide the structural basis of catchβslip-bond behavior, we analyzed crystal structures and performed molecular modeling of A:a knob-hole complex. The movable flap (residues Ξ³295 to Ξ³305) containing the weak calcium-binding site Ξ³2 serves as a tension sensor. Flap dissociation from the B domain in the Ξ³-nodule and translocation to knob βAβ triggers hole βaβ closure, resulting in the increase of binding affinity and prolonged bond lifetimes. The discovery of biphasic kinetics of knob-hole bond rupture is quantitatively explained by using a theory, formulated in terms of structural transitions in the binding pocket between the low-affinity (slip) and high-affinity (catch) states. We provide a general framework to understand the mechanical response of protein pairs capable of tension-induced remodeling of their association interface. Strengthening of the A:a knob-hole bonds at 30- to 40-pN forces might favor formation of nascent fibrin clots subject to hydrodynamic shear in vivo
Development of programs of additional professional education taking into account requirements of educational and professional standards as guarantee of improvement of quality of training of specialists
The methodical going is offered near forming of the programs of additional trade education taking into account a transition from the system of certification of specialists of health protection on the system of continuous medical education. At program development additional professional education to use the professional competenses of federal state educational standard of higher education are clinical studies, on speciality, and labour functions of corresponding professional standard. Register from 245 programs on placed 40 specialities on the portal of Co-ordinating Advice of continuous medical education in the personal cabinet of Tyumen medical institution and accessible for listenersΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠ) Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠ). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°. Π Π΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· 245 ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ 40 ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΠ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π’ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΠ£ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ