牛山英治が編纂した山岡鉄舟の伝記について

Table S8. Comparison of GD in different studies. MICN is an abbreviation of Modified introduction in China; TS is an abbreviation of Tropical/Subtropical; SS is an abbreviation of Stiff Stalk; NSS is an abbreviation of non-Stiff Stalk; HZS is an abbreviation of Huangzaosi. (XLSX 11 kb

Active Energy Harvesting from Microbial Fuel Cells at the Maximum Power Point without Using Resistors

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology offers a sustainable approach to harvest electricity from biodegradable materials. Energy production from MFCs has been demonstrated using external resistors or charge pumps, but such methods can only dissipate energy through heat or receive electrons passively from the MFC without any controllability. This study developed a new approach and system that can actively extract energy from MFC reactors at any operating point without using any resistors, especially at the peak power point to maximize energy production. Results show that power harvesting from a recirculating-flow MFC can be well maintained by the maximum power point circuit (MPPC) at its peak power point, while a charge pump was not able to change operating point due to current limitation. Within 18-h test, the energy gained from the MPPC was 76.8 J, 76 times higher than the charge pump (1.0 J) that was commonly used in MFC studies. Both conditions resulted in similar organic removal, but the Coulombic efficiency obtained from the MPPC was 21 times higher than that of the charge pump. Different numbers of capacitors could be used in the MPPC for various energy storage requirements and power supply, and the energy conversion efficiency of the MPPC was further characterized to identify key factors for system improvement. This active energy harvesting approach provides a new perspective for energy harvesting that can maximize MFC energy generation and system controllability

Thermoplasmonics Effect of Au and Ag Multi-nanoparticles: Influence of Polarized Light Direction, Particle Spacing, and Substrates

The growing interest in the thermoplasmonics effect has begun to penetrate into multi-nanoparticle systems and their mechanisms. In this study, Au and Ag nanoparticle arrays and Au/Ag–substrate composite structures were constructed, and the effects of particle spacing, polarized light direction, and substrate on their thermoplasmonics properties were studied by the finite element method combined with optical and heat-transfer theory. Taking the particle size of Au and Ag as 20 nm in multi-particle systems, it is found that the variation of particle spacing and polarization direction can cause significant changes on light-absorbing and heat production properties based on the plasmon coupling and collective thermal mechanism, and the light absorption and heat production properties of Ag are better than Au. Following study is focused on Au/Ag multi-particles embedded in the substrates of ITO and TiO2 with different refractive indices, the changes in the absorption spectrum, light absorption intensity, heat production capacity of multi-particles caused by substrate materials, and the embedding depth under longitudinal and transverse polarization are discussed. Moreover, it is revealed that Fano resonance is generated when the number of Au particles is increased to 16 and above in the system with or without substrates, resulting in Fano linear in the absorption curve. This study will provide some important insights into the exploration and application of the thermoplasmonics effect of multi-particles

Zinc Leaching from Tire Crumb Rubber

Because tires contain approximately 1–2% zinc by weight, zinc leaching is an environmental concern associated with civil engineering applications of tire crumb rubber. An assessment of zinc leaching data from 14 studies in the published literature indicates that increasing zinc leaching is associated with lower pH and longer leaching times, but the data display a wide range of zinc concentrations, and do not address the effect of crumb rubber size or the dynamics of zinc leaching during flow through porous crumb rubber. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of crumb rubber size using the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), the effect of exposure time using quiescent batch leaching tests, and the dynamics of zinc leaching using column tests. Results indicate that zinc leaching from tire crumb rubber increases with smaller crumb rubber and longer exposure time. Results from SPLP and quiescent batch leaching tests are interpreted with a single-parameter leaching model that predicts a constant rate of zinc leaching up to 96 h. Breakthrough curves from column tests displayed an initial pulse of elevated zinc concentration (∼3 mg/L) before settling down to a steady-state value (∼0.2 mg/L), and were modeled with the software package HYDRUS-1D. Washing crumb rubber reduces this initial pulse but does not change the steady-state value. No leaching experiment significantly reduced the reservoir of zinc in the crumb rubber

MOESM1 of Multiple syntrophic interactions drive biohythane production from waste sludge in microbial electrolysis cells

Additional file 1: Table. S1. Similarity-based OTUs and species richness and diversity estimates of bacteria in different systems. Figure. S1. Current density of MEC fed with raw sludge (RS-MEC) and alkali-pretreated waste sludge (AS-MEC). Figure. S2. Variations of SCOD (A), soluble protein (B) and carbohydrates concentration (C) of raw sludge open-circuit MEC (RS-OCMEC), MEC fed with raw sludge (RS-MEC) or alkali-pretreated sludge (AS-MEC)

Figure S16.gif from Synthesis and structure/properties characterizations of four polyurethane model hard segments

Four model polyurethane (PU) hard segments were synthesized by reaction of butanol with four typical diisocyanates. The four diisocyanates were aromatic 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) and MDI-50 (50% mixture of 2,4′-MDI and 4,4′-MDI), cycloaliphatic 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and linear aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS, X-ray and DSC methods were employed to determine their structures and to analyse their crystallization behaviours and hydrogen bonding interactions. Each of the four PU compounds prepared in the present work displays unique spectral characteristics. The FTIR bands and NMR resonance peaks assigned in the four samples thus provide a reliable database and starting point for investigating the relationship between hard segment structure and the crystallization and hydrogen bonding behaviour in more complex-segmented PU compositions

Figure S11.jpeg from Synthesis and structure/properties characterizations of four polyurethane model hard segments

Four model polyurethane (PU) hard segments were synthesized by reaction of butanol with four typical diisocyanates. The four diisocyanates were aromatic 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) and MDI-50 (50% mixture of 2,4′-MDI and 4,4′-MDI), cycloaliphatic 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and linear aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS, X-ray and DSC methods were employed to determine their structures and to analyse their crystallization behaviours and hydrogen bonding interactions. Each of the four PU compounds prepared in the present work displays unique spectral characteristics. The FTIR bands and NMR resonance peaks assigned in the four samples thus provide a reliable database and starting point for investigating the relationship between hard segment structure and the crystallization and hydrogen bonding behaviour in more complex-segmented PU compositions

Figure S6.jpeg from Synthesis and structure/properties characterizations of four polyurethane model hard segments

Four model polyurethane (PU) hard segments were synthesized by reaction of butanol with four typical diisocyanates. The four diisocyanates were aromatic 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) and MDI-50 (50% mixture of 2,4′-MDI and 4,4′-MDI), cycloaliphatic 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and linear aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS, X-ray and DSC methods were employed to determine their structures and to analyse their crystallization behaviours and hydrogen bonding interactions. Each of the four PU compounds prepared in the present work displays unique spectral characteristics. The FTIR bands and NMR resonance peaks assigned in the four samples thus provide a reliable database and starting point for investigating the relationship between hard segment structure and the crystallization and hydrogen bonding behaviour in more complex-segmented PU compositions

Figure S3.tif from Synthesis and structure/properties characterizations of four polyurethane model hard segments

Four model polyurethane (PU) hard segments were synthesized by reaction of butanol with four typical diisocyanates. The four diisocyanates were aromatic 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) and MDI-50 (50% mixture of 2,4′-MDI and 4,4′-MDI), cycloaliphatic 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and linear aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS, X-ray and DSC methods were employed to determine their structures and to analyse their crystallization behaviours and hydrogen bonding interactions. Each of the four PU compounds prepared in the present work displays unique spectral characteristics. The FTIR bands and NMR resonance peaks assigned in the four samples thus provide a reliable database and starting point for investigating the relationship between hard segment structure and the crystallization and hydrogen bonding behaviour in more complex-segmented PU compositions

Figure S5.jpeg from Synthesis and structure/properties characterizations of four polyurethane model hard segments

Four model polyurethane (PU) hard segments were synthesized by reaction of butanol with four typical diisocyanates. The four diisocyanates were aromatic 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) and MDI-50 (50% mixture of 2,4′-MDI and 4,4′-MDI), cycloaliphatic 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and linear aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS, X-ray and DSC methods were employed to determine their structures and to analyse their crystallization behaviours and hydrogen bonding interactions. Each of the four PU compounds prepared in the present work displays unique spectral characteristics. The FTIR bands and NMR resonance peaks assigned in the four samples thus provide a reliable database and starting point for investigating the relationship between hard segment structure and the crystallization and hydrogen bonding behaviour in more complex-segmented PU compositions