Effect of wine and vinegar processing of Rhizoma Corydalis on the tissue distribution of tetrahydropalmatine, protopine and dehydrocorydaline in rats

Vinegar and wine processing of medicinal plants are two traditional pharmaceutical techniques which have been used for thousands of years in China. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP), dehydrocorydaline (DHC) and protopine are three major bioactive molecules in Rhizoma Corydalis. In this study, a simple and reliable HPLC method was developed for simultaneous analysis of THP, DHC and protopine in rat tissues after gastric gavage administration of Rhizoma Corydalis. The validated HPLC method was successfully applied to investigate the effect of wine and vinegar processing on the compounds’ distribution in rat tissues. Our results showed that processing mainly affect the Tmax and mean residence time (MRT) of the molecules without changing their Cmax and AUC0–24h Vinegar processing significantly increased the Tmax of DHC in heart, kidney, cerebrum, cerebrellum, brain stem and striatum and prolonged the Tmax of protopine in brain. No significant changes were observed on the Tmax of THP in rat tissues after vinegar processing. Wine processing reduced the Tmax of protopine and DHC in liver and spleen and Tmax of protopine in lung, but increased the Tmax of THP in all the rat tissues examined. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of processing on the tissue distribution of the bioactive molecules from Rhizoma Corydalis

Rapid Discovery of the Potential Toxic Compounds in Polygonum multiflorum by UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-Based Metabolomics and Correlation Analysis

The dry roots of Polygonum multiflorum (PM), involving both the raw and processed materials, are widely used as the traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases in China. Hepatotoxicity has been occasionally reported in patients who consume PM. Unfortunately, no definite criteria are currently available regarding the processing technology of PM for reduction the toxicity. In this work, we aimed to investigate the variations of PM metabolite profiles induced by different processing technologies by UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS and multivariate statistical analysis, and to discover the potential toxic compounds by correlating the cytotoxicity of L02 cell with the contents of metabolites in raw and processed PM samples. We could identify two potential toxic compounds, emodin-8-O-glucoside and torachrysone-O-hexose, which could be selected as the toxic markers to evaluate different processing methods. The results indicated all processed PM samples could decrease the cytotoxicity on L02 cell. The best processing technology for PM process was to steam PM in black soybean decoction (BD-PM) for 24 h

A Novel Chaining Approach to Indirect Control Transfer Instructions

Part 2: WorkshopInternational audienceBoth dynamic binary translation systems and optimization systems store the translated or optimized code in the software maintained code cache for reuse. The performance of the code cache is crucial. Translated code is usually organized as code blocks in the code cache and each code block transfer control to the next one through a control transfer instruction. As the target address of a control transfer instruction is in the form of its source program counter, the conventional code cache system has to check the address mapping table for the translated target address to find the required target code block, which will cause considerable performance degradation. Control transfer instructions can be divided into two categories as direct control transfer instructions and indirect control transfer instructions. For indirect control transfer instructions, the target address is hold in the register or memory element whose content can be changed during the execution of the program. It is difficult to chain the indirect control transfer instructions with a fixed translated target address through pure software approaches. A novel indirect control transfer chaining approach is proposed in this paper. The principle of the technique is to insert custom chaining instructions into the translated code block while translating the indirect control transfer instructions and execute those chaining instructions to implement dynamical chaining. Some special hardware and software assists are proposed in this paper. Evaluation of the proposed approach is conducted on a code cache simulator. Experiment results show that our hardware assisted indirect control transfer instruction chaining approach can improve the performance of the code cache system dramatically

A Novel Chaining Approach to Indirect Control Transfer Instructions

Abstract. Both dynamic binary translation systems and optimization systems store the translated or optimized code in the software maintained code cache for reuse. The performance of the code cache is crucial. Translated code is usually organized as code blocks in the code cache and each code block transfer control to the next one through a control transfer instruction. As the target address of a control transfer instruction is in the form of its source program counter, the conventional code cache system has to check the address mapping table for the translated target address to find the required target code block, which will cause considerable performance degradation. Control transfer instructions can be divided into two categories as direct control transfer instructions and indirect control transfer instructions. For indirect control transfer instructions, the target address is hold in the register or memory element whose content can be changed during the execution of the program. It is difficult to chain the indirect control transfer instructions with a fixed translated target address through pure software approaches. A novel indirect control transfer chaining approach is proposed in this paper. The principle of the technique is to insert custom chaining instructions into the translated code block while translating the indirect control transfer instructions and execute those chaining instructions to implement dynamical chaining. Some special hardware and software assists are proposed in this paper. Evaluation of the proposed approach is conducted on a code cache simulator. Experiment results show that our hardware assisted indirect control transfer instruction chaining approach can improve the performance of the code cache system dramatically

Power and Performance Optimization for De-synchronized Circuits

design flow, power reduction, performance improvement, multiplier Abstract The de-synchronization methodology, which directly converts a synchronous circuit into an asynchronous counterpart according to the physical structure of pipelines, is very popular for its simplicity. However, the simplicity of the design methodology also introduces some power redundancy and performance reduction to de-synchronized circuits. This paper first investigates the influence of actual operations and operands to de-synchronized circuits, and then proposes an improved de-synchronization flow to resolve the power and performance problem in conventional de-synchronized circuits. At last, some specific schemes which are early completion, decoupling and delay element optimization are employed to optimize a traditional de-synchronized multiplier. Compared to a traditional de-synchronized multiplier, early completion can achieve as high as 72% power reduction and 54 % performance improvement. While the power saving resulting from decoupling is about 20%-25 % and performance improvement by optimizing delay elements is about 11%. 1

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: A more sensitive biomarker of disease severity than BMI in adults with mitochondrial diseases.

The study aimed to evaluate the body composition of patients with mitochondrial diseases (MD) and correlate it with disease severity. Overall, 89 patients (age ≥ 18 years) with MD were recruited, including 49 with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and 40 with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactate acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Body composition, including fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), were examined using multifrequency bioelectric impedance analysis. Clinical assessments, including muscle strength, usual gait speed, and disease severity determined by the Newcastle Mitochondrial Disease Adult Scale score (NMDAS), were performed. The comparisons between patients group and age- and gender-matched healthy controls, as well as the correlations between anthropometric measurements, body composition, and disease severity were analyzed. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), FFMI, SMI, and ASMI were significantly lower in patients with MD than in healthy controls. Notably, low muscle mass was noted in 69.7% (62/89) of MD patients, with 22 patients also presenting with compromised physical performance as indicated by decreased gait speed, resulting in 24.7% satisfied the sarcopenia diagnostic criteria. Disease severity was more negatively correlated with ASMI than it was with height, weight, and BMI. Subgroup analysis showed that in the MELAS subgroup, disease severity was negatively correlated with height, weight, and ASMI; whereas in the CPEO subgroup, it was only negatively correlated with ASMI and SMI. Additionally, ASMI was positively associated with muscle strength. Altogether, compared with BMI, ASMI is a more sensitive biomarker predicting disease severity of MD, both in MELAS and CPEO patients

On-line screening of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis coupled to ESI mass spectrometry

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with the use of mass spectrometry (MS) has been considered as a unique tool for microscale enzyme assay and inhibitor screening. In this study, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was selected as target enzyme due to its important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. In order to define the optimal MS parameters, a two level half fraction factorial experimental design was performed. A background electrolyte consisting of 20mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.8) and a sheath liquid of water-methanol (50:50, v/v) containing 0.05% formic acid at a flow rate of 4μl/min were selected. This system was operated in the positive ion mode with a detection-limit of 10nM for the MMP reaction product and provided 60 folds enhancement of sensitivity by using selected reaction monitoring detection compared with MS full scan mode, which significantly increased the detectability of the system and therefore reduced the enzyme reaction time in both off-line and in-line mode. Both electrophoretically mediated microanalysis and pressure mediated microanalysis combined with MS detection were investigated for MMP inhibitor screening. Good repeatability (RSD of peak area and migration time were lower than 5.0%) and linearity (R(2)>0.996) were obtained for both in-capillary approaches. Several tetracycline antibiotics and natural products were selected to test the system. The results indicated an agreement on the ranking of inhibitory potency for both in-capillary approaches.publisher: Elsevier articletitle: On-line screening of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis coupled to ESI mass spectrometry journaltitle: Journal of Chromatography B articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.038 content_type: article copyright: Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.status: publishe

Effect of Wine and Vinegar Processing of Rhizoma Corydalis on the Tissue Distribution of Tetrahydropalmatine, Protopine and Dehydrocorydaline in Rats

Vinegar and wine processing of medicinal plants are two traditional pharmaceutical techniques which have been used for thousands of years in China. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP), dehydrocorydaline (DHC) and protopine are three major bioactive molecules in Rhizoma Corydalis. In this study, a simple and reliable HPLC method was developed for simultaneous analysis of THP, DHC and protopine in rat tissues after gastric gavage administration of Rhizoma Corydalis. The validated HPLC method was successfully applied to investigate the effect of wine and vinegar processing on the compounds’ distribution in rat tissues. Our results showed that processing mainly affect the Tmax and mean residence time (MRT) of the molecules without changing their Cmax and AUC0–24 h Vinegar processing significantly increased the Tmax of DHC in heart, kidney, cerebrum, cerebrellum, brain stem and striatum and prolonged the Tmax of protopine in brain. No significant changes were observed on the Tmax of THP in rat tissues after vinegar processing. Wine processing reduced the Tmax of protopine and DHC in liver and spleen and Tmax of protopine in lung, but increased the Tmax of THP in all the rat tissues examined. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of processing on the tissue distribution of the bioactive molecules from Rhizoma Corydalis