130 research outputs found
Quantum Locally Testable Code with Exotic Parameters
In this paper, we present a few simple constructions of quantum locally
testable codes that achieve interesting parameters which were previously
unknown. We introduce an operation which we give the name check product, and
show how this operation gives rise to quantum locally testable codes of
constant soundness and linear rate, with varying distance and locality
Medical Exam Question Answering with Large-scale Reading Comprehension
Reading and understanding text is one important component in computer aided
diagnosis in clinical medicine, also being a major research problem in the
field of NLP. In this work, we introduce a question-answering task called MedQA
to study answering questions in clinical medicine using knowledge in a
large-scale document collection. The aim of MedQA is to answer real-world
questions with large-scale reading comprehension. We propose our solution
SeaReader--a modular end-to-end reading comprehension model based on LSTM
networks and dual-path attention architecture. The novel dual-path attention
models information flow from two perspectives and has the ability to
simultaneously read individual documents and integrate information across
multiple documents. In experiments our SeaReader achieved a large increase in
accuracy on MedQA over competing models. Additionally, we develop a series of
novel techniques to demonstrate the interpretation of the question answering
process in SeaReader
Long-tailed multi-label classification with noisy label of thoracic diseases from chest X-ray
Chest X-rays (CXR) often reveal rare diseases, demanding precise diagnosis.
However, current computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods focus on common
diseases, leading to inadequate detection of rare conditions due to the absence
of comprehensive datasets. To overcome this, we present a novel benchmark for
long-tailed multi-label classification in CXRs, encapsulating both common and
rare thoracic diseases. Our approach includes developing the "LTML-MIMIC-CXR"
dataset, an augmentation of MIMIC-CXR with 26 additional rare diseases. We
propose a baseline method for this classification challenge, integrating
adaptive negative regularization to address negative logits' over-suppression
in tail classes, and a large loss reconsideration strategy for correcting noisy
labels from automated annotations. Our evaluation on LTML-MIMIC-CXR
demonstrates significant advancements in rare disease detection. This work
establishes a foundation for robust CAD methods, achieving a balance in
identifying a spectrum of thoracic diseases in CXRs. Access to our code and
dataset is provided at:https://github.com/laihaoran/LTML-MIMIC-CXR
Single-shot decoding of good quantum LDPC codes
Quantum Tanner codes constitute a family of quantum low-density parity-check
(LDPC) codes with good parameters, i.e., constant encoding rate and relative
distance. In this article, we prove that quantum Tanner codes also facilitate
single-shot quantum error correction (QEC) of adversarial noise, where one
measurement round (consisting of constant-weight parity checks) suffices to
perform reliable QEC even in the presence of measurement errors. We establish
this result for both the sequential and parallel decoding algorithms introduced
by Leverrier and Z\'emor. Furthermore, we show that in order to suppress errors
over multiple repeated rounds of QEC, it suffices to run the parallel decoding
algorithm for constant time in each round. Combined with good code parameters,
the resulting constant-time overhead of QEC and robustness to (possibly
time-correlated) adversarial noise make quantum Tanner codes alluring from the
perspective of quantum fault-tolerant protocols.Comment: 35 pages, 3 figure
A multicenter study of fetal chromosomal abnormalities in Chinese women of advanced maternal age
AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the rates of different fetal chromosomal abnormalities among women of advanced maternal age in China and to discuss the possible misdiagnosis risks of newer molecular techniques, for selection of appropriate prenatal screening and diagnostic technologies.Materials and MethodsSecond trimester amniocentesis and fetal karyotype results of 46,258 women were retrospectively reviewed. All women were ≥ 35 years old with singleton pregnancies. The rates of clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities (CSCAs), incidence of chromosomal abnormalities, and correlations with age were determined.ResultsFrom 2001 to 2010, the proportion of women of advanced maternal age undergoing prenatal diagnosis increased from 20% to 46%. The mean age was 37.4 years (range, 35–46 years). A total of 708 cases of CSCAs, with a rate of 1.53% were found. Trisomy 21 was the most common single chromosome abnormality and accounted for 55.9% of all CSCAs with an incidence of 0.86%. Trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and trisomy 21, the most common chromosome autosomal aneuploidies, accounted for 73.6% of all CSCAs, with a rate of 1.13%. As a group, the most common chromosomal aneuploidies (13/18/21/X/Y) accounted for 93.9% of all abnormalities, with a rate of 1.44%. The incidence of trisomy 21, trisomy 13/18/21 as a group, and 13/18/21/X/Y as a group was significantly greater in women aged 39 years and older (p < 0.001), but was not different between women aged 35 years, 36 years, 37 years, and 38 years.ConclusionThese findings may assist in genetic counseling of advanced maternal age pregnant women, and provide a basis for the selection of prenatal screening and diagnostic technologies
Chloroplast genomes in seven Lagerstroemia species provide new insights into molecular evolution of photosynthesis genes
Lagerstroemia indica is an important commercial tree known for the ornamental value. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Lagerstroemia indica “Pink Velour” (Lagerstroemia “Pink Velour”) was 152,174 bp in length with a GC content of 39.50%. It contained 85 protein coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNA genes. 207 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 31 codons with relative synonymous codon (RSCU)value > 1 were detected. Phylogenetic analysis divided 10 Lagerstroemia species into evolutionary branches of clade A and clade B. We conducted a comparative analysis of Lagerstroemia “Pink Velours” complete chloroplast genome with the genomes of six closely related Lagerstroemia species from different origins. The structural features of all seven species were similar, except for the deletion of ycf1 nucleobases at the JSA boundary. The large single-copy (LSC) and the small single-copy (SSC) had a higher sequence divergence than the IR region, and 8 genes that were highly divergent (trnK-UUU, petN, psbF, psbJ, ndhE, ndhD, ndhI, ycf1) had been identified and could be used as molecular markers in future studies. High nucleotide diversity was present in genes belonging to the photosynthesis category. Mutation of single nucleic acid was mainly influenced by codon usage. The value percentage of nonsynonymous substitutions (Ka) and synonymous substitutions (Ks) in 6 Lagerstroemia species revealed that more photosynthesis genes have Ka or Ks only in Lagerstroemia fauriei, Lagerstroemia limii, and Lagerstroemia subcostata. These advances will facilitate the breeding of closely related Lagerstroemia species and deepen understanding on climatic adaptation of Lagerstroemia plants
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