Surgical treatment of neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a transient dysfunction caused by the damage of peripheral nerve and central nervous system, characterized with hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain. Surgical treatment of neuropathic pain has experienced a long process, and plays an important role. This paper reviews recent documents of surgical techniques in the treatment of neuropathic pain. There are three kinds of surgical techniques: neuromodulation, microsurgical lesions and nerve decompression

Impulse-based reciprocal measurement of the transfer functions of underwater structure

An impulse-based reciprocal method is proposed for measuring the transfer functions of underwater structure. This method uses an impulse sound source, and the volume velocity of source is derived from the detected sound pressure. The influences of the reverberant sound field on the detected sound pressure are eliminated by an operation with time gates. Numerical simulation verifies that this impulses-based reciprocal measurement can obtain results with accuracy similar to the traditional reciprocal measurement method using electromagnetic source. Because much less time is required in the impulse-based measurement, the time efficiency is boosted. This method is also validated in a lake experiment, and the experimental result shows that the influences of the reverberant field on the derived volume velocity are eliminated

3-(4-Meth­oxy­phen­yl)pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine

In the title mol­ecule, C14H11N3O, the benzene ring is twisted by 14.0 (2)° from the plane through the fused ring system. In the crystal, π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.609 (1), 3.639 (1) and 3.735 (1) Å] form stacks of mol­ecules propagating along the b axis. The crystal packing is further stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

2-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)quinoxaline

In the title compound, C14H9FN2, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the quinoxaline ring system is 22.2 (3)°. Any aromatic π–π stacking in the crystal must be very weak, with a minimum centroid–centroid separation of 3.995 (2) Å

Methyl 4-(5-meth­oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)benzoate

In the title compound, C17H15NO3, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the indole ring system is 22.5 (3)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯π and C—H⋯O inter­actions

Visualizing the dynamic behavior of poliovirus plus-strand RNA in living host cells

Dynamic analysis of viral nucleic acids in host cells is important for understanding virus–host interaction. By labeling endogenous RNA with molecular beacon, we have realized the direct visualization of viral nucleic acids in living host cells and have studied the dynamic behavior of poliovirus plus-strand RNA. Poliovirus plus-strand RNA was observed to display different distribution patterns in living Vero cells at different post-infection time points. Real-time imaging suggested that the translocation of poliovirus plus-strand RNA is a characteristic rearrangement process requiring intact microtubule network of host cells. Confocal-FRAP measurements showed that 49.4 ± 3.2% of the poliovirus plus-strand RNA molecules diffused freely (with a D-value of 9.6 ± 1.6 × 10(−10) cm(2)/s) within their distribution region, while the remaining (50.5 ± 2.9%) were almost immobile and moved very slowly only with change of the RNA distribution region. Under the electron microscope, it was found that virus-induced membrane rearrangement is microtubule-associated in poliovirus-infected Vero cells. These results reveal an entrapment and diffusion mechanism for the movement of poliovirus plus-strand RNA in living mammalian cells, and demonstrate that the mechanism is mainly associated with microtubules and virus-induced membrane structures

3-(2-Bromo­phen­yl)thia­zolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole

The title compound, C15H9BrN2S, was prepared by the reaction of 1-bromo-2-(2,2-dibromo­vin­yl)benzene with 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2(3H)-thione. The thia­zolo[3,2-a]benz­imidazole fused-ring system is nearly planar, the maximum atomic deviation being 0.049 (4) Å. This mean plane is oriented at a dihedral angle of 71.55 (17)° with respect ot the bromo­phenyl ring. π–π stacking is observed in the crystal structure, the centroid–centroid distance between the thia­zole and imidazole rings of adjacent mol­ecules being 3.582 (2) Å

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CAUSING WATER DAMAGE TO LOESS DOUBLE-ARCHED TUNNEL BASED ON TFN-AHP

In order to analysis the factors causing water damage to loess double-arched tunnel, this paper conducts field investigation on water damage to tunnels on Lishi-Jundu Expressway in Shanxi, China, confirms its development characteristics, builds an index system (covering 36 evaluation indexes for construction condition, design stage, construction stage, and operation stage) for the factors causing water damage to loess double-arched tunnel, applies TFN-AHP (triangular fuzzy number-analytic hierarchy process) in calculating the weight of indexes at different levels, and obtains the final sequence of weight of the factors causing water seepage to loess double-arched tunnel. It is found out that water damage to loess double-arched tunnel always develops in construction joints, expansion joints, settlement joints, and lining joints of tunnel and even around them; there is dotted water seepage, linear water seepage, and planar water seepage according to the trace and scope of water damage to tunnel lining. The result shows that water damage to loess double-arched tunnel mainly refers to linear water seepage, planar water seepage is also developed well, and partition and equipment box at the entrance and exit of tunnel are prone to water seepage; construction stage is crucial for controlling water damage to loess double-arched tunnel, atmospheric precipitation is the main water source, and the structure defect of double-arched tunnel increases the possibility of water seepage; the final sequence for weight of various factors is similar to the actual result