Genome-wide association analysis identifies resistance loci for bacterial blight in a diverse collection of indica rice germplasm

Bacterial blight, which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating rice diseases worldwide. The development and use of disease-resistant cultivars have been the most effective strategy to control bacterial blight. Identifying the genes mediating bacterial blight resistance is a prerequisite for breeding cultivars with broad-spectrum and durable resistance. We herein describe a genome-wide association study involving 172 diverse Oryza sativa ssp. indica accessions to identify loci influencing the resistance to representative strains of six Xoo races. Twelve resistance loci containing 121 significantly associated signals were identified using 317,894 single nucleotide polymorphisms, which explained 13.3–59.9% of the variability in lesion length caused by Xoo races P1, P6, and P9a. Two hotspot regions (L11 and L12) were located within or nearby two cloned R genes (xa25 and Xa26) and one fine-mapped R gene (Xa4). Our results confirmed the relatively high resolution of genome-wide association studies. Moreover, we detected novel significant associations on chromosomes 2, 3, and 6–10. Haplotype analyses of xa25, the Xa26 paralog (MRKc; LOC_Os11g47290), and a Xa4 candidate gene (LOC_11g46870) revealed differences in bacterial blight resistance among indica subgroups. These differences were responsible for the observed variations in lesion lengths resulting from infections by Xoo races P1 and P9a. Our findings may be relevant for future studies involving bacterial blight resistance gene cloning, and provide insights into the genetic basis for bacterial blight resistance in indica rice, which may be useful for knowledge-based crop improvement. (Résumé d'auteur

N-[3-(Dimethyl­amino)­prop­yl]-N′-(2-hy­droxy-5-methyl­phen­yl)oxamide

In the title compound, C14H21N3O3, the oxamide group has a transoid conformation. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are connected by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a double chain running along the b axis

Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis at 7-Day of Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives 
This study is to investigate the angiogenesis and vasculogenesis at the first week of reperfused acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods 
16 of mini-swines (20 to 30 Kg) were randomly assigned to the sham-operated group and the AMI group. The acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion model was created and the pig tail catheter was performed to monitor hemodynamics before left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion, 90 min of LAD occlusion and 120 min of LAD reperfusion. Pathologic myocardial tissue was collected at 7-day of LAD reperfusion and further assessed by immunochemistry, dual immunochemistry, in-situ hybridization, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. 
Results 
The infarcted area had higher FLK1 mRNA expression than sham-operated area and the normal area (all P<0.05), and the infarcted and marginal areas showed higher CD146 protein expression than the sham-operated area (all P<0.05), but the microvessel density (CD31 positive expression of microvessels/HP) was not significantly different between the infarcted area and the sham-operated area (8.92±3.05 vs 6.43±1.54) at 7-day of reperfused acute myocardial infarction (P>0.05). 
Conclusions 
FLK1 and CD146 expression significantly increase in the infarcted and marginal areas, and the microvessel density is not significantly different between the infarcted area and the sham-operated area, suggesting that angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in the infarcted area appear to high frequency of increase in 7-day of reperfused myocardial infarction. 
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tert-Butyl 4-formyl-1H-imidazole-1-carboxyl­ate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C9H12N2O3, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains. Further weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds together with π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.672 (4) Å] between neighbouring chains lead to a double-chain structure propagating in [100]

Observation of dynamic non-Hermitian skin effects

Non-Hermitian effects have emerged as a new paradigm for the manipulation of phases of matter that profoundly changes our understanding of non-equilibrium systems, introducing novel concepts such as exceptional points and spectral topology, as well as exotic phenomena such as non-Hermitian skin effects (NHSEs). Most existing studies, however, focus on non-Hermitian eigenstates, whereas dynamic properties of non-Hermitian systems have been discussed only very recently, predicting unexpected phenomena such as wave self-healing, chiral Zener tunneling, and the dynamic NHSEs that are not yet confirmed in experiments. Here, we report the first experimental observation of rich non-Hermitian skin dynamics using tunable one-dimensional nonreciprocal double-chain mechanical systems with glide-time symmetry. Remarkably, dynamic NHSEs are observed with various dynamic behaviors in different dynamic phases, revealing the intriguing nature of these phases that can be understood via the generalized Brillouin zone and the related concepts. Moreover, the observed tunable non-Hermitian skin dynamics and amplifications, the bulk unidirectional wave propagation, and the boundary wave trapping provide promising ways to guide, trap, and amplify waves in a controllable and robust way. Our findings unveil the fundamental aspects and open a new pathway toward non-Hermitian dynamics, which will fertilize the study of non-equilibrium phases of matter and give rise to novel applications in information processing