Winterteelt komkommers, 1961-1962

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Mitochondrial sequences help to resolve deep phylogenetic relationships in rosids"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/217</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007;7():217-217.</p><p>Published online 10 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2222252.</p><p></p>rcentages >50. For nodes where ML and MP analyses differ in topology, only the ML BS percentages are shown; asterisks denote contradictory resolutions between ML tree and MP strict consensus of all shortest trees

Additional file 2: Figure S1 and Table S4. of Range expansion and habitat shift triggered elevated diversification of the rice genus (Oryza, Poaceae) during the Pleistocene

Table S1: ML tree of Oryza. Figure S2: Biogeographical inference for Oryza based on Lagrange. Figure S3: Posterior probability distributions for the speciation and extinction rates obtained from Bayesian BiSSE using 6-paramter full model. Figure S4: Rate-through-time dynamics for Oryza inferred by BAMM. (PDF 265 kb

Integrated Fossil and Molecular Data Reveal the Biogeographic Diversification of the Eastern Asian-Eastern North American Disjunct Hickory Genus (<i>Carya</i> Nutt.)

<div><p>The hickory genus (<i>Carya</i>) contains ca. 17 species distributed in subtropical and tropical regions of eastern Asia and subtropical to temperate regions of eastern North America. Previously, the phylogenetic relationships between eastern Asian and eastern North American species of <i>Carya</i> were not fully confirmed even with an extensive sampling, biogeographic and diversification patterns had thus never been investigated in a phylogenetic context. We sampled 17 species of <i>Carya</i> and 15 species representing all other genera of the Juglandaceae as outgroups, with eight nuclear and plastid loci to reconstruct the phylogeny of <i>Carya</i>. The phylogenetic positions of seven extinct genera of the Juglandaceae were inferred using morphological characters and the molecular phylogeny as a backbone constraint. Divergence times within <i>Carya</i> were estimated with relaxed Bayesian dating. Biogeographic analyses were performed in DIVA and LAGRANGE. Diversification rates were inferred by LASER and APE packages. Our results support two major clades within <i>Carya</i>, corresponding to the lineages of eastern Asia and eastern North America. The split between the two disjunct clades is estimated to be 21.58 (95% HPD 11.07-35.51) Ma. Genus-level DIVA and LAGRANGE analyses incorporating both extant and extinct genera of the Juglandaceae suggested that <i>Carya</i> originated in North America, and migrated to Eurasia during the early Tertiary via the North Atlantic land bridge. Fragmentation of the distribution caused by global cooling in the late Tertiary resulted in the current disjunction. The diversification rate of hickories in eastern North America appeared to be higher than that in eastern Asia, which is ascribed to greater ecological opportunities, key morphological innovations, and polyploidy.</p> </div

Ancestral area reconstructions for <i>Carya</i> using LAGRANGE.

<p>A: Inference with fossil taxa; B: Inference without fossil taxa. Fossil taxa are indicated by cross symbols after their names. A slash in the results of LAGRANGE indicates the split of areas in two daughter lineages. The areas of endemism are defined for both analyses: A, North America; B, Europe; C, Asia.</p

Phylogeny of <i>Carya</i> based on the combined molecular data set.

<p>ML bootstrap support > 75% and Bayesian posterior probability > 0.80 are indicated at the nodes, respectively. The topologies of strict consensus trees from maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference are same.</p

Geographic distribution of both extant and extinct <i>Carya</i> species.

<p>The black areas indicate the geographical distribution of extant <i>Carya</i> showing its disjunction between EA and ENA. Colored circles denote the locations of <i>Carya</i> fruit fossils (detailed information of each fossil in Table S4).</p

BEAST chronogram and LTT plots of <i>Carya</i>.

<p>A: The chronogram of C<i>arya</i> inferred from the combined molecular data set. Gray bars represent the 95% HPD intervals of node ages. Calibration points are indicated with asterisks. B: Lineage-through-time (LTT) plots for <i>Carya</i>. The thin lines indicate the 1000 random trees from the best-fitting model obtained in BEAST (EA clade: pink; ENA clade: light blue); the bold lines correspond to the maximum credibility tree from the BEAST analysis (EA clade: red; ENA clade: blue).</p

Ancestral area reconstructions for <i>Carya</i> using DIVA.

<p>A: Inference with fossil taxa; B: Inference without fossil taxa. Fossil taxa are indicated by cross symbols after their names. The areas of endemism are defined for both analyses: A, North America; B, Europe; C, Asia.</p

Leaf diversity of <i>Coptis</i>.

<p>A. <i>C</i>. <i>trifolia</i>; B. <i>C</i>. <i>morii</i>; C. <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i>; D. <i>C</i>. <i>laciniata</i>; E. <i>C</i>. <i>aspleniifolia</i>; F. <i>C</i>. <i>japonica</i>.</p

Statistics from the analyses of the various datasets.

<p>Statistics from the analyses of the various datasets.</p