Ordered Reference Dependent Choice

This paper studies how violations of structural assumptions like expected utility and exponential discounting can be connected to rationality violations that arise from reference-dependent preferences, even if behavior is fully standard when the reference is fixed. A reference-dependent generalization of arbitrarily behavioral postulates captures changing preferences across choice domains. It gives rise to a linear order that endogenously determines reference alternatives, which in turn determines the preference parameters for a choice problem. With canonical models as backbones, preference changes are captured using known technologies like the concavity of utility functions and the levels of discount factors. The framework allows us to study risk, time, and social preferences collectively, where seemingly independent anomalies are interconnected through the lens of reference-dependent choice

Ruthenium arene complexes as anticancer agents: an XAS study

Two Ru(III) complexes that have already entered clinical trials, [ImH]trans-[RuCl4(dmso)(Im)] (NAMI-A, Im = imidazole) and [InH]trans-[RuCl4(Ind)2] (KP1019, Ind = indazole), are potential alternatives to Pt chemotherapeutic drugs since they are effective against cancers untreatable by cisplatin. These compounds have been proposed to operate by an “activation by reduction” process, with a reduction of Ru(III) to the more active Ru(II) species in vivo, which has thus generated an interest towards organometallic Ru(II) arene complexes. The leading complexes of this field would be the RAPTA-C pioneered by Dyson and co-workers which showed anti-metastatic activity akin to NAMI-A and the [Ru(p-cymene)(en)]Cl pioneered by Sadler and co-workers which displayed cytotoxicity in vitro. These compounds show great promise due to the versatility in systematically modifying them in order to exhibit desirable physical, chemical and biological properties, mainly by changing the nature of the arene ligand and introducing different chelating ligands that may enhance selectivity towards tumour cells. Traditional anticancer drugs were designed to target DNA but in recent years, serum proteins have been found to be more relevant for the field of Ru anticancer drugs. In order to improve drug efficacy, an understanding of the mechanisms and speciation of these complexes in biological medium is needed. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS, XANES) and X-ray fluorescence mapping (XFM) have been used according to previous methods to study the speciation in biological fluids, extracellular matrix and cells to provide insights into the biological activities of various Ru arene complexes. The compounds were first analysed using UV-Vis for their kinetics but this technique was not sensitive enough to differentiate the speciation products. A library of Ru(II) arene model complexes containing biologically relevant ligands (N/O and S-donors) were synthesized and their structures confirmed using multiple scattering (MS). The Ru compounds reacted under various biological conditions were then analysed using multiple linear regression, and the speciation products formed either by aquation or ligand-exchange were able to be identified. In particular, the results of RAPTA-C in rat blood cells were interesting where large changes in the XAS spectra was observed when red blood cells were present in the samples, which indicates extensive metabolism of Ru in whole blood. XFM was useful in analysing the speciation of the Ru-bound proteins in electrophoresis gels and the preliminary results of NAMI-A, KP1019 and RAPTA-C provided good insights on the different serum protein binding affinity of these complexes, and how it might affect their anticancer properties

Ruthenium arene complexes as anticancer agents: an XAS study

Two Ru(III) complexes that have already entered clinical trials, [ImH]trans-[RuCl4(dmso)(Im)] (NAMI-A, Im = imidazole) and [InH]trans-[RuCl4(Ind)2] (KP1019, Ind = indazole), are potential alternatives to Pt chemotherapeutic drugs since they are effective against cancers untreatable by cisplatin. These compounds have been proposed to operate by an “activation by reduction” process, with a reduction of Ru(III) to the more active Ru(II) species in vivo, which has thus generated an interest towards organometallic Ru(II) arene complexes. The leading complexes of this field would be the RAPTA-C pioneered by Dyson and co-workers which showed anti-metastatic activity akin to NAMI-A and the [Ru(p-cymene)(en)]Cl pioneered by Sadler and co-workers which displayed cytotoxicity in vitro. These compounds show great promise due to the versatility in systematically modifying them in order to exhibit desirable physical, chemical and biological properties, mainly by changing the nature of the arene ligand and introducing different chelating ligands that may enhance selectivity towards tumour cells. Traditional anticancer drugs were designed to target DNA but in recent years, serum proteins have been found to be more relevant for the field of Ru anticancer drugs. In order to improve drug efficacy, an understanding of the mechanisms and speciation of these complexes in biological medium is needed. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS, XANES) and X-ray fluorescence mapping (XFM) have been used according to previous methods to study the speciation in biological fluids, extracellular matrix and cells to provide insights into the biological activities of various Ru arene complexes. The compounds were first analysed using UV-Vis for their kinetics but this technique was not sensitive enough to differentiate the speciation products. A library of Ru(II) arene model complexes containing biologically relevant ligands (N/O and S-donors) were synthesized and their structures confirmed using multiple scattering (MS). The Ru compounds reacted under various biological conditions were then analysed using multiple linear regression, and the speciation products formed either by aquation or ligand-exchange were able to be identified. In particular, the results of RAPTA-C in rat blood cells were interesting where large changes in the XAS spectra was observed when red blood cells were present in the samples, which indicates extensive metabolism of Ru in whole blood. XFM was useful in analysing the speciation of the Ru-bound proteins in electrophoresis gels and the preliminary results of NAMI-A, KP1019 and RAPTA-C provided good insights on the different serum protein binding affinity of these complexes, and how it might affect their anticancer properties

EFFICIENCY OF DIISOPROPANOLAMINE (DIPA) DEGRADATION WITH DIFFERENT VISIBLE LIGHT INTENSITIES UNDER PHOTO-FENTON OXIDATION

Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is commonly known as one of the chemical treatment designed specifically to remove unwanted materials or waste, either in the form of organic or inorganic materials. This technology is commonly being utilized in the waste water treatment industry by performing complex oxidation reactions in order to breakdown the biologically toxic materials. Basically, this project will be conducted based on a specific method of advanced oxidation process (AOP) namely Fenton’s oxidation with the aid of photolysis on one of the rare amine wastes, Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) based on different light intensities as the experimental parameters. The major motivation for the author to perform this study is to find out the effect of degradation efficiency of DIPA under different light radiation. The author has constructed a simple experiment setup for Photo-Fenton oxidation process with light radiation available where the reaction system will be placed directly under the light source. Standard solutions for each reagent were also prepared with proper procedures by the author. Prior to the experiments, the author has produced a calibration curve for concentration estimation of the processed samples. Degradation efficiency is mainly determined by Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by utilizing COD digester and Hach® DR 5000. Experimental work started with optimization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under both light sources, 1.0 M of hydrogen peroxide gave the highest COD removal in percentage instead of 0.01 M and 0.1 M in both cases. Then, optimization of DIPA concentration is carried out for both light intensities. 300 ppm of DIPA solution became the most optimum concentration for 500 Watt environment; whereas 500 ppm for 300 Watt light radiation. The most optimum systems were compared for the most efficient light intensity for DIPA degradation under Photo-Fenton oxidation. 300 Watt light source gives the highest COD removal percentage of 60.64% and said to be the higher efficiency light condition for such oxidation process

공유 자율주행 차량 서비스를 활용한 최적 교통 경로 문제

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 산업공학과,2019. 8. Moon, Ilkyeong.This thesis describes a traffic-aware routing problem with shared autonomous vehicles by incorporating jams along traffic flow due to the large population of vehicles in the network. This anticipates that autonomous vehicles will replace privately owned vehicles in the future. To provide an efficient shared common service, the dial-a-ride problem is combined with the traffic flow model to satisfy demand (origin-destination pairs), producing a system-optimal traffic assignment problem solution. Macroscopic traffic flow is modelled via the two--regime transmission model (TTM), utilizing inflow and outflow for each link. The optimal solution demonstrates that an appropriate number of vehicles is utilized regardless of the demand or fleet size due to congestion limitations.본 연구는 네트워크 내 교통 흐름 혼잡을 고려하는 공유 자율주행 차량 경로문제(Shared Autonomous Vehicle Routing Problem)를 다루고 있다. 이 문제는 향후 자율주행차가 개인 소유의 차를 대체할 것이라는 관점에서 시작되었다. 효율적인 공유 서비스를 제공하기 위해, 기존의 다이얼 어 라이드(Dial-A-Ride) 문제에 출발지와 도착지 간의 수요를 만족하도록 하는 교통 흐름 모델을 결합해 최적의 교통 할당 문제를 제안한다. 거시적인 교통 흐름은 네트워크 각 링크에 유입 및 유출을 활용한 이중 체제 전송(Two Regime Transmission) 모델을 활용한다. 혼잡으로 인한 제약들로 인해 수요 및 차량 크기와 관계없이 최적의 해에서는 최대 차량 수가 활용되고 있음을 보여준다. 또한, 피크 교통 시간대에서는 수요에 따른 최적의 교통 할당과 차량 크기를 얻어 교통 혼잡에 활용할 수 있다.Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1. Background and Purpose 1 1.2. Literature Survey 3 1.2.1. Shared Autonomous Vehicle 3 1.2.2. VRP and DARP 5 1.2.3. Traffic-flow Model 9 Chapter 2: Mathematical Model 15 2.1. Model Development 16 2.2. Traffic Network 17 2.3. Explanations on Constraints 19 2.4. Objective Function 28 2.5. Mathematical Formulation 31 Chapter 3: Computational Experiments 35 3.1. Test Network 35 3.2. Comparison with Static Traffic Assignment Formulation 38 3.3. Experiments 39 3.3.1. Effects of Change in Demand on Utilization Rate 40 3.3.2. Effects of Change in Demand on VMT 41 3.3.3. Effects of Change in Demand on Total Travel Time 42 3.3.4. Effects of Change in Fleet Size on Total Travel Time 44 3.3.5. Effects of Change in Time Intervals on Computational Time and Complexity 45 Chapter 4: Conclusions 49 Acknowledgements 52 국문초록 59 Appendix 60 i) IBM CPLEX ILOG Linear Programming Code 60 ii) Two Regime Transmission Model Mathematical Proof 64Maste

Phosphorylation of androgen receptors at serine 515 is a potential prognostic marker for triple negative breast cancer

1.7 million cases of breast cancer are diagnosed every year with 522,000 deaths. Molecular classifications of breast cancer have resulted in improved treatments. However, treatments for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are lacking. Analysis of molecular targets for TNBC is a priority. One potential candidate is androgen receptor (AR) phosphorylation. This study assessed the role of AR phosphorylation at ser81/ser515 and their two upstream effectors, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (pCDK1) and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) in 332 ductal breast cancer patients by immunohistochemistry. pERK1/2 combined with AR-515 associated with improved cancer-specific survival (CSS, p = 0.038), decreased size (p = 0.001), invasive grade (p < 0.001), necrosis (p = 0.003), b-lymphocytes (p = 0.020), molecular subtype (p < 0.001) and estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)-status (p < 0.001). The cohort was therefore stratified into ER+ve and ER-ve patients. In ER+ve tumours, pERK1/2 combined with AR-515 associated with improved CSS (p = 0.038), smaller size (p = 0.004), invasive grade (p = 0.001), decreased b-lymphocytes (p = 0.013) and increased plasma cells (p = 0.048). In contrast, in TNBC patients, phosphorylation of AR-515 associated with poorer CSS (p = 0.007). pERK1/2 combined with AR-515 associated with decreased inflammation (p = 0.003), increased tumour stroma (p = 0.003) and tumour budding (p = 0.011), with trends towards decrease CSS (p = 0.065) and macrophage levels (p = 0.093). In Conclusions, AR-515 may be an important regulator of inflammation in breast cancer potential via ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AR-515 is a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for TNBC

Mechanism of Polarization Fatigue in BiFeO3: the Role of Schottky Barrier

By using piezoelectric force microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, we have investigated the domain evolution and space charge distribution in planar BiFeO3 capacitors with different electrodes. It is observed that charge injection at the film/electrode interface leads to domain pinning and polarization fatigue in BiFeO3. Furthermore, the Schottky barrier at the interface is crucial for the charge injection process. Lowering the Schottky barrier by using low work function metals as the electrodes can also improve the fatigue property of the device, similar to what oxide electrodes can achieve