11 research outputs found
Exploring <i>N</i>-Imidazolyl-<i>O</i>-Carboxymethyl Chitosan for High Performance Gene Delivery
Chitosan shows good biocompatibility and biodegradability,
but
the poor water solubility and low transfection efficiency hinder its
applications as a gene delivery vector. We here report the detailed
synthesis and characterization of a novel ampholytical chitosan derivative, <i>N</i>-imidazolyl-<i>O</i>-carboxymethyl chitosan (IOCMCS),
used for high performance gene delivery. After chemical modification,
the solubility of the resulting polymer is enhanced, and the polymer
is soluble in a wide pH range (4â10). Gel electrophoresis study
reveals the strong binding ability between plasmid DNA and the IOCMCS.
Moreover, the IOCMCS does not induce remarkable cytotoxicity against
human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. The cell transfection results
with HEK293T cells using the IOCMCS as gene delivery vector demonstrate
the high transfection efficiency, which is dependent on the degree
of imidazolyl substitution. Therefore, the IOCMCS is a promising candidate
as the DNA delivery vector in gene therapy due to its high solubility,
high gene binding capability, low cytotoxicity, and high gene transfection
efficiency
Colorimetric Response of Dithizone Product and Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide Modified Gold Nanoparticle Dispersion to 10 Types of Heavy Metal Ions: Understanding the Involved Molecules from Experiment to Simulation
A new
kind of analytical reagent, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium
bromide (CTAB), and dithizone product-modified gold nanoparticle dispersion,
is developed for colorimetric response to 10 types of heavy metal
ions (M<sup><i>n</i>+</sup>), including CrÂ(VI), Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. The color change of the modified gold nanoparticle dispersion is
instantaneous and distinct for Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. The color change results from the
multiple reasons, such as electronic transitions, cationâĎ
interactions, formation of coordination bonds, and M<sup><i>n</i>+</sup>-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The different
combining capacity of heavy metal ions to modifiers results in the
different broadening and red-shifting of the plasmon peak of modified
AuNPs. In addition, CrÂ(VI), Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> cause the new UVâvis absorption
peaks in the region of 360â460 nm. The interactions between
the modifiers and AuNPs, and between the modifiers and M<sup><i>n</i>+</sup>, are investigated by using Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results confirm
that AuNPs are modified by CTAB and dithizone products through electrostatic
interactions and AuâS bonds, respectively, and the M<sup><i>n</i>+</sup>âN bonds form between M<sup><i>n</i>+</sup> and dithizone products. Furthermore, the experimental and
density functional theory calculated IR spectra prove that dithizone
reacts with NaOH to produce C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sup>â</sup> and [SCH<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2â</sup>. The validation
of this method is carried out by analysis of heavy metal ions in tap
water
A Supersensitive Probe for Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Nickel Ion Based on a Sensing Mechanism of Anti-etching
Redundant nickel is harmful to human
health and can result in skin
diseases, allergies, or cancer. Although many probes based on noble
metal nanoparticles have been established for rapid heavy metal ion
detection by the naked eye or ultravioletâvisible (UVâvis)
spectroscopy, few noble metal nanomaterials have been developed for
Ni<sup>2+</sup> detection. In this study, we propose novel triangular
silver nanoprisms (AgNPRs) stabilized with glutathione (GSH) for rapid
colorimetric detection of Ni<sup>2+</sup> based on a sensing mechanism
of anti-etching, which has been affirmed by Raman spectra, UVâvis
spectra, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering.
At the optimal experimental parameters, our GSH-AgNPR-based Ni<sup>2+</sup> probe has an excellent selectivity compared with those of
26 other ions because Ni<sup>2+</sup> can inhibit the AgNPR etching
by iodide ion (I<sup>â</sup>) (i.e., anti-etching) while other
ions cannot. The limit of detection (LOD) of our Ni<sup>2+</sup> probe
is 50 nM via the naked eye and 5 nM via UVâvis spectroscopy.
They are both negligible compared with the permissible limit of Ni<sup>2+</sup> in drinking water (0.34 ÎźM) prescribed by the World
Health Organization. In particular, the latter is far lower than the
LOD values of other reported Ni<sup>2+</sup> probes based on noble
metal nanomaterials. A satisfying linear relationship reinforces that
our probe can be utilized for the quantitative analysis of Ni<sup>2+</sup>. The detection of real water samples indicates that our
probe could be used for rapid Ni<sup>2+</sup> colorimetric detection
with supersensitivity and excellent selectivity in real environmental
water samples
A Supersensitive CTC Analysis System Based on Triangular Silver Nanoprisms and SPION with Function of Capture, Enrichment, Detection, and Release
Detection
of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may be applied for
diagnosis of early tumors like a liquid biopsy. However, the sensitivity
remains a challenge because CTCs are extremely rare in peripheral
blood. In this study, we developed a supersensitive CTC analysis system
based on triangular silver nanoprisms (AgNPR) and superparamagnetic
iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) with function of capture, enrichment,
detection, and release. The AgNPR was encoded with MBA (i.e., 4-mercaptobenzoic
acid) and modified with rBSA (i.e., reductive bovine serum albumin)
and FA (i.e., folic acid) generating organic/inorganic composite nanoparticle
MBA-AgNPR-rBSA-FA, which has the function of surface-enhanced Raman
scattering (SERS). The optimized SERS nanoparticles (i.e., MBA3-AgNPR-rBSA4-FA2)
can be utilized for CTC detection in blood samples with high sensitivity
and specificity, and the LOD (i.e., limit of detection) reaches to
five cells per milliliter. In addition, the SPION was also modified
with rBSA and FA generating magnetic nanoparticle SPION-rBSA-FA. Our
supersensitive CTC analysis system is composed of MBA3-AgNPR-rBSA4-FA2
and SPION-rBSA-FA nanoparticles, which were applied for capture (via
interaction between FA and FRÎą), enrichment (via magnet), and
detection (via SERS) of cancer cells from blood samples. The results
demonstrate that our supersensitive CTC analysis system has a better
sensitivity and specificity than the SERS nanoparticles alone, and
the LOD is up to 1 cell/mL. The flow cytometry and LSCM (i.e., laser
scanning confocal microscope) results indicate the CTCs captured,
enriched, and isolated by our supersensitive CTC analysis system can
also be further released (via adding excessive free FA) for further
cell expansion and phenotype identification
Ultrasmall Self-Cascade AuNP@FeS Nanozyme for H<sub>2</sub>SâAmplified Ferroptosis Therapy
Recently, nanozymes with peroxidase (POD)-like activity
have shown
great promise for ferroptosis-based tumor therapy, which are capable
of transforming hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to
highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (â˘OH). However, the
unsatisfactory therapeutic performance of nanozymes due to insufficient
endogenous H2O2 and acidity at tumor sites has
always been a conundrum. Herein, an ultrasmall gold (Au) @ ferrous
sulfide (FeS) cascade nanozyme (AuNP@FeS) with H2S-releasing
ability constructed with an Au nanoparticle (AuNP) and an FeS nanoparticle
(FeSNP) is designed to increase the H2O2 level
and acidity in tumor cells via the collaboration
between cascade reactions of AuNP@FeS and the biological effects of
released H2S, achieving enhanced â˘OH
generation as well as effective ferroptosis for tumor therapy. The
cascade reaction in tumor cells is activated by the glucose oxidase
(GOD)-like activity of AuNP in AuNP@FeS to catalyze intratumoral glucose
into H2O2 and gluconic acid; meanwhile, the
released H2S from AuNP@FeS reduces H2O2 consumption by inhibiting intracellular catalase (CAT) activity
and promotes lactic acid accumulation. The two pathways synergistically
boost H2O2 and acidity in tumor cells, thus
inducing a cascade to generate abundant â˘OH by catalyzing
H2O2 through the POD-like activity of FeS in
AuNP@FeS and ultimately causing amplified ferroptosis. In
vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated
that AuNP@FeS presents a superior tumor therapeutic effect compared
to that of AuNP or FeS alone. This strategy represents a simple but
powerful method to amplify ferroptosis with H2S-releasing
cascade nanozymes and will pave a new way for the development of tumor
therapy
DataSheet1_Activation of peroxymonosulfate by cow manure biochar@1T-MoS2 for enhancing degradation of dimethyl phthalate: Performance and mechanism.docx
Introduction: Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) which has been widely detected in water is neurotoxic to humans and should be effectively eliminated. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes are considered to be reliable methods aiming at emerging contaminants degradation, while an efficient catalyst is urgently needed for the activation of the reaction. As a typical 2D material, 1T-MoS2 is expected to be applied to the activation of persulfate owing to its abundant active sites and excellent electrical conductivity. In practical applications, 1T-MoS2 has the phenomenon of reunion which affects the exposure of its catalytic sites.Methods: Therefore, in this study, we used waste cow manure as a raw material to prepare biochar and achieved high exposure of 1T-MoS2 activation sites by loading 1T-MoS2 onto the surface of cow manure biochar through hydrothermal synthesis. The prepared composite catalytic material CMB@1T-MoS2 was used to activate PMS for the degradation of DMP.Results: It was found that CMB@1T-MoS2 has better effect than CMB or 1T-MoS2 alone for the degradation of DMP, reaching 77.65% at pH = 3. Under alkaline conditions, the degradation rate of DMP was reduced due to the inhibition of the catalytic process. Among the different coexisting anions, HCO-3 interfered and inhibited the degradation process the most, leading to the lowest degradation rate of DMP with 42.45%.Discussion: The quenching experiments and EPR analysis showed that SO-4⢠and â˘OH were the main ROS in the CMB@1T-MoS2/PMS process. This study promotes the resourceful use of cow manure and is expected to provide a novel persulfate-based advanced oxidation process catalyzed by CMB@1T-MoS2 for the elimination of DMP in an aqueous environment.</p
High-Performance Colorimetric Detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> Based on Triangular Silver Nanoprisms
Mercury
ion (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) arising from a variety of natural
sources and industrial wastes has been widely recognized as one of
the most hazardous pollutants. It is very important to develop highly
selective and sensitive probe for rapid detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> in aquatic ecosystems. Here we propose a new strategy for high-performance
colorimetric detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup>, i.e., anti-etching of silver
nanoprisms (AgNPRs). In the absence of Hg<sup>2+</sup>, the AgNPRs
can be etched by I<sup>â</sup> inducing an obvious color change
from blue to red. However, in the presence of Hg<sup>2+</sup>, the
formation of AgâHg nanoalloy can protect the AgNPRs from I<sup>â</sup> etching and the color remains blue. This mechanism
is verified by UVâvis, TEM, DLS, and EDS. Our AgNPRs-based
colorimetric probe exhibits excellent selectivity for Hg<sup>2+</sup>. The limit of detection (LOD) of Hg<sup>2+</sup> is 30 nM by the
naked eye and 3 nM by UVâvis spectroscopy, which is lower than
the mercury toxic level defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (10 nM). A good linear relationship (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.993) between the wavelength shift and Hg<sup>2+</sup> concentrations indicates that our probe can be used for the quantitative
assay of Hg<sup>2+</sup>. The results of Hg<sup>2+</sup> detection
in real environmental samples indicate the feasibility and sensitivity
of our probe for application in complicated environmental samples
Enhanced Afterglow Performance of Persistent Luminescence Implants for Efficient Repeatable Photodynamic Therapy
Persistent
luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) have been used for bioimaging without
autofluorescence background interference, but the poor afterglow performance
impedes their further applications in cancer therapy. To overcome
the Achillesâ heel of PLNPs, herein we report the construction
of injectable persistent luminescence implants (denoted as PL implants)
as a built-in excitation source for efficient repeatable photodynamic
therapy (PDT). The injectable ZGC (ZnGa<sub>1.996</sub>O<sub>4</sub>:Cr<sub>0.004</sub>) PL implants were prepared by dissolving ZGC
PLNPs in polyÂ(lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid)/<i>N</i>-methylpyrrolidone oleosol, which demonstrated much stronger persistent
luminescence (PersL) intensity and longer PersL lifetime than that
of ZGC PLNPs both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. More importantly, the intratumorally fixed ZGC PL implants can
serve as a built-in excitation source for repeatable light emitting
diode (LED) and PersL-excited PDT upon and after periodic LED irradiation,
which leads to the overall improvement of therapeutic effectiveness
for efficient tumor growth suppression. This work represents efficient
repeatable PDT based on the injectable yet periodically rechargeable
ZGC PL implants
Glutathione-Responsive Self-Assembled Magnetic Gold Nanowreath for Enhanced Tumor Imaging and Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy
Designing nanomaterials with advanced
functions and physical properties to improve cancer diagnosis and
treatment has been an enormous challenge. In this work, we report
the synthesis of magnetic gold nanowreaths (AuNWs) by combining wet-chemical
synthesis with layer-by-layer self-assembly. The presence of Au branches,
small junctions, and central holes in AuNWs led to improved photothermal
effect compared with Au nanoring seeds and thick Au nanoring with
smooth surface. The self-assembly of exceedingly small magnetic iron
oxide nanoparticles (ES-MIONs) on the surfaces of AuNWs not only effectively
quenched the T<sub>1</sub>-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
ability due to the enhanced T<sub>2</sub> decaying effect but also
provided the responsiveness to glutathione (GSH). After intravenous
injection, the T<sub>1</sub> signal of magnetic AuNWs initially in
the âOFFâ state can be intelligently switched on in
response to the relatively high GSH concentration in tumor, and the
formation of larger assemblies of ES-MIONs improved their tumor delivery
compared to ES-MIONs themselves. Thus, the magnetic AuNWs showed higher
MRI contrast than ES-MIONs or commercial Magnevist in <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>-weighted MR imaging of tumor. Furthermore, the magnetic
AuNWs have absorption in near-infrared range, leading to strong photoacoustic
signal and effective photoablation of tumor. Therefore, our GSH-responsive
self-assembled magnetic AuNWs could enhance T<sub>1</sub>-weighted
MRI and photoacoustic imaging of tumor and be used for imaging-guided
photothermal therapy