Enhancement of hydrogen storage performance in shell and tube metal hydride tank for fuel cell electric forklift

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Micropore Structure Characteristics and Recoverability Evaluation of Typical Shale Oil Reservoirs

In view of the weak research on the availability of typical shale oil reservoirs from the perspective of development, this study introduced a two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) evaluation method on the basis of the previous one-dimensional NMR combined with centrifugal physical simulation experiments. Not only the production characteristics of typical shale oil reservoirs were studied but also the microscopic production laws of different occurrence states were studied. The results show that the pore distribution of Jilin shale is more concentrated than that of Qinghai shale. The oil of the two blocks mainly occurs in 0.01–10 ms pores, and the occurrence ratio of Jilin shale in the pores is higher, which is more than 90%. The oil production of the two blocks is mainly dominated by 0.01–10 ms pores, and the utilization efficiency contribution of these pores in Jilin shale is higher, accounting for about 80%. The utilization efficiency (UE) increases logarithmically with centrifugal force, and the growth rate of Jilin shale is greater than that of Qinghai shale. The proportion of free oil in Jilin block is less than that in Qinghai block. The shale oil in the two blocks is both at 15% final UE, and the UE of free oil in Jilin shale is about 9% and that of Qinghai shale is about 12%. The recoverability of Jilin shale is lower than that of Qinghai shale

Habitual snoring, adiposity measures and risk of type 2 diabetes in 0.5 million Chinese adults:a 10-year cohort

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to examine whether habitual snoring was independently associated with risk of type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults, and to assess the role that adiposity measures play in the snoring-diabetes association, as well as to evaluate the joint influence of snoring and adiposity measures on diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The China Kadoorie Biobank study recruited 512 715 adults aged 30-79 years from 10 regions in China during 2004 and 2008. Data from 482 413 participants without baseline diabetes were analyzed in the present study. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel analysis was used to assess the longitudinal relationship between adiposity measures and habitual snoring. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between habitual snoring and diabetes risk. RESULTS: Both higher body mass index and waist circumference were associated with higher risks of subsequent habitual snoring, whereas no reverse association was detected. A total of 16 479 type 2 diabetes cases were observed during a 10-year follow-up. Habitual snoring was independently associated with 12% (95% CI 6% to 18%) and 14% (95% CI 9% to 19%) higher risks of diabetes among men and women, respectively. Habitual snorers who had general obesity or central obesity were about twice as likely to develop diabetes as non-snorers at the lowest levels of adiposity measures. CONCLUSION: Habitual snoring was independently associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults. It is important to maintain both a healthy weight and a normal waist circumference to prevent or alleviate habitual snoring and ultimately prevent diabetes among Chinese adults

Sex differences in the association between socioeconomic status and diabetes prevalence and incidence in China: cross-sectional and prospective studies of 0.5 million adults

Aims/hypothesis China has undergone rapid socioeconomic transition accompanied by lifestyle changes that are expected to have a profound impact on the health of its population. However, there is limited evidence from large nationwide studies about the relevance of socioeconomic status (SES) to risk of diabetes. We describe the associations of two key measures of SES with prevalent and incident diabetes in Chinese men and women. Methods The China Kadoorie Biobank study included 0.5 million adults aged 30–79 years recruited from ten diverse areas in China during 2004–2008. SES was assessed using the highest educational level attained and annual household income. Prevalent diabetes was identified from self-report and plasma glucose measurements. Incident diabetes was identified from linkage to disease and death registries and national health insurance claim databases. We estimated adjusted ORs and HRs for prevalent and incident diabetes associated with SES using logistic and Cox regression models, respectively. Results At baseline, 30,066 (5.9%) participants had previously diagnosed (3.1%) or screen-detected (2.8%) diabetes among 510,219 participants included for cross-sectional analyses. There were 480,153 people without prevalent diabetes at baseline, of whom 9544 (2.0%) had new-onset diabetes during follow-up (median 7 years). Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for prevalent diabetes, comparing highest vs lowest educational level, were 1.21 (1.09, 1.35) in men and 0.69 (0.63, 0.76) in women; for incident diabetes, the corresponding HRs were 1.27 (1.07, 1.51) and 0.80 (0.67, 0.95), respectively. For household income, the adjusted ORs for prevalent diabetes, comparing highest vs lowest categories, were 1.45 (1.34, 1.56) in men and 1.26 (1.19, 1.34) in women; for incident diabetes, the HRs were 1.36 (1.19, 1.55) and 1.06 (0.95, 1.17), respectively. Conclusions/interpretation Among Chinese adults, the associations between education and diabetes prevalence and incidence differed qualitatively between men and women, whereas higher household income was positively associated with diabetes prevalence and incidence in both sexes, with a stronger relationship in men than in women.</p

Intakes of major food groups in China and UK: results from 100,000 adults in the China Kadoorie biobank and UK biobank

PURPOSE: Different populations may exhibit differences in dietary intakes, which may result in heterogeneities in diet-disease associations. We compared intakes of major food groups overall, by sex, and by socio-economic status (SES) (defined as both education and income), between participants in the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) and the UK Biobank (UKB). METHODS: Data were from ~ 25,000 CKB participants who completed a validated interviewer-administered computer-based questionnaire (2013-2014) and ~ 74,000 UKB participants who completed ≥ 3 web-based 24-h dietary assessments (2009-2012). Intakes of 12 major food groups and five beverages were harmonized and compared between the cohorts overall, by sex and by SES. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression examined the associations between dietary intakes and body mass index (BMI) in each cohort. RESULTS: CKB participants reported consuming more rice, eggs, vegetables, soya products, and less wheat, other staple foods (other than rice and wheat), fish, poultry, all dairy products, fruit, and beverages compared to UKB participants. Red meat intake was similar in both cohorts. Having a higher SES was generally associated with a higher consumption of foods and beverages in CKB, whereas in UKB dietary intakes differed more by education and income, with a positive association observed for meat and income in both UKB and CKB but an inverse association observed for education in UKB. Associations of dietary intakes with BMI varied between the two cohorts. CONCLUSION: The large differences in dietary intakes and their associations with SES and BMI could provide insight into the interpretation of potentially different diet-disease associations between CKB and UKB

Exploring the optimal impact force for chronic skeletal muscle injury induced by drop-mass technique in rats

Introduction: Skeletal muscle injuries are widespread in sports, traffic accidents and natural disasters and some of them with poor prognoses can lead to chronic skeletal muscle damage in the clinic. We induced a chronic skeletal muscle injury by controlling time and contusion force using an acute blunt trauma model that will help us better comprehend the pathological features of chronic skeletal muscle injury.Methods: Several levels of injury were induced by repeatedly striking in 5, 10, and 15 times the gastrocnemius muscle from the same height with 200 g weights. After injury, the markers of muscle injury were assessed at 2 and 4 weeks by serum elisa. Electron microscopy, histologic and immunohistochemical staining, and mRNA analysis were used to evaluate the ultrastructure, inflammation, extracellular matrix decomposition, and anabolism of injured muscle in 2 and 4 weeks.Results: All three different kinetic energies can result in skeletal muscle injuries. However, the injured skeletal muscles of rats in each group could not recover within 2 weeks. After 4 weeks, tissue self-repair and reconstruction caused the damage induced by 5 J kinetic energy to almost return to normal. In contrast, damage induced by 10 J kinetic energy displayed slight improvement compared to that at 2 weeks. Despite this, collagen fibers on the surface of the tissue were disorganized, directionally ambiguous, and intertwined with each other. Myofilaments within the tissue were also arranged disorderly, with blurry and broken Z-lines. Damage caused by 15 J kinetic energy was the most severe and displayed no improvements at 4 weeks compared to 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, IL-1β, IL-6, Collagen I, and Collagen III, MMP2 expressions in the 10 J group were lower than those at 2 weeks, showing a tendency towards injury stabilization.Conclusion: After 4 weeks of remodeling and repair, the acute skeletal muscle injury model induced by 10 J kinetic energy can stabilize pathological manifestations, inflammatory expression, and extracellular matrix synthesis and catabolism, making it an appropriate model for studying chronic skeletal muscle injuries caused by acute injury

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness but Not Carotid Artery Plaque in Healthy Individuals Is Linked to Lean Body Mass.

Background Lean body mass has been identified as a key determinant of left ventricular mass and wall thickness. However, the importance of lean body mass or other body-size measures as normative determinants of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), a widely used early indicator of atherosclerosis, has not been well established. Methods and Results Carotid artery ultrasound measurements of cIMT and carotid artery plaque burden (derived from plaque number and maximum size) and measurements of body size, including height, body mass index, weight, body fat proportion, and lean body mass ([1-body fat proportion]×weight), were recorded in 25 020 participants from 10 regions of China. Analyses were restricted to a healthy younger subset (n=6617) defined as never or long-term ex-regular smokers aged <60 years (mean age, 50) without previous ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension and with plasma non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <4 mmol/L. Among these 6617 participants, 86% were women (because most men smoked) and 9% had carotid artery plaque. In both women and men separately, lean body mass was strongly positively associated with cIMT, but was not associated with plaque burden: overall, each 10 kg higher lean body mass was associated with a 0.03 (95% CI, 0.03-0.04) mm higher cIMT (P=5×10-33). Fat mass, height, and other body-size measures were more weakly associated with cIMT. Conclusions The strong association of lean body mass with cIMT, but not with plaque burden, in healthy adults suggests a normative relationship rather than reflecting atherosclerotic pathology. Common mechanisms may underlie the associations of lean body mass with cIMT and with nonatherosclerotic vascular traits.This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC_MC_U137686851, MRC_MC_U137686853); the British Heart Foundation (CH/1996001/9454); Cancer Research UK (C500/A16896); the Kadoorie Charitable Foundation (during 2002–2009); the Wellcome Trust (104085/Z/14/Z); and the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (81390541)

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Risk of Stroke Types: A Prospective Cohort Study of 500 000 Chinese Adults

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and permanent disability in China, with large and unexplained geographic variations in rates of different stroke types. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is prevalent among Chinese adults and may play a role in stroke cause. // METHODS: The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank included >500 000 adults aged 30 to 79 years who were recruited from 10 (5 urban and 5 rural) geographically diverse areas of China from 2004 to 2008, with determination of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity at baseline. During 11 years of follow-up, a total of 59 117 incident stroke cases occurred, including 11 318 intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 49 971 ischemic stroke, 995 subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 3036 other/unspecified stroke. Cox regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of stroke types associated with HBsAg positivity. In a subset of 17 833 participants, liver enzymes and lipids levels were measured and compared by HBsAg status. // RESULTS: Overall, 3.0% of participants were positive for HBsAg. HBsAg positivity was associated with an increased risk of ICH (adjusted HR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.16–1.44]), similarly for fatal (n=5982; adjusted HR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.16–1.59]) and nonfatal (n=5336; adjusted HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.06–1.44]) ICH. There were no significant associations of HBsAg positivity with risks of ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.92–1.03]), subarachnoid hemorrhage (adjusted HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.57–1.33]), or other/unspecified stroke (adjusted HR, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.89–1.42]). Compared with HBsAg-negative counterparts, HBsAg-positive individuals had lower lipid and albumin levels and higher liver enzyme levels. After adjustment for liver enzymes and albumin, the association with ICH from HBsAg positivity attenuated to 1.15 (0.90–1.48), suggesting possible mediation by abnormal liver function. // CONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese adults, chronic hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of ICH but not other stroke types, which may be mediated through liver dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism

The Transferability of Lipid-Associated Loci Across African, Asian and European Cohorts

Abstract: Most genome-wide association studies are based on samples of European descent. We assess whether the genetic determinants of blood lipids, a major cardiovascular risk factor, are shared across populations. Genetic correlations for lipids between European-ancestry and Asian cohorts are not significantly different from 1. A genetic risk score based on LDL-cholesterol-associated loci has consistent effects on serum levels in samples from the UK, Uganda and Greece (r = 0.23–0.28, p < 1.9 × 10−14). Overall, there is evidence of reproducibility for ~75% of the major lipid loci from European discovery studies, except triglyceride loci in the Ugandan samples (10% of loci). Individual transferable loci are identified using trans-ethnic colocalization. Ten of fourteen loci not transferable to the Ugandan population have pleiotropic associations with BMI in Europeans; none of the transferable loci do. The non-transferable loci might affect lipids by modifying food intake in environments rich in certain nutrients, which suggests a potential role for gene-environment interactions