An Integrated Model for Simulating Regional Water Resources Based on Total Evapotranspiration Control Approach

Total evapotranspiration and water consumption (ET) control is considered an efficient method for water management. In this study, we developed a water allocation and simulation (WAS) model, which can simulate the water cycle and output different ET values for natural and artificial water use, such as crop evapotranspiration, grass evapotranspiration, forest evapotranspiration, living water consumption, and industry water consumption. In the calibration and validation periods, a "piece-by-piece" approach was used to evaluate the model from runoff to ET data, including the remote sensing ET data and regional measured ET data, which differ from the data from the traditional hydrology method. We applied the model to Tianjin City, China. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ens) of the runoff simulation was 0.82, and its regression coefficient 2 was 0.92. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (Ens) of regional total ET simulation was 0.93, and its regression coefficient 2 was 0.98. These results demonstrate that ET of irrigation lands is the dominant part, which accounts for 53% of the total ET. The latter is also a priority in ET control for water management

An Integrated Model for Simulating Regional Water Resources Based on Total Evapotranspiration Control Approach

Total evapotranspiration and water consumption (ET) control is considered an efficient method for water management. In this study, we developed a water allocation and simulation (WAS) model, which can simulate the water cycle and output different ET values for natural and artificial water use, such as crop evapotranspiration, grass evapotranspiration, forest evapotranspiration, living water consumption, and industry water consumption. In the calibration and validation periods, a “piece-by-piece” approach was used to evaluate the model from runoff to ET data, including the remote sensing ET data and regional measured ET data, which differ from the data from the traditional hydrology method. We applied the model to Tianjin City, China. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ens) of the runoff simulation was 0.82, and its regression coefficient R2 was 0.92. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (Ens) of regional total ET simulation was 0.93, and its regression coefficient R2 was 0.98. These results demonstrate that ET of irrigation lands is the dominant part, which accounts for 53% of the total ET. The latter is also a priority in ET control for water management

Positional Isomeric Thiophene-Based π‑Conjugated Chromophores: Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties

A series of positional isomeric chromophores o-TC, m-TC, and p-TC, in which electron-rich thiophene moieties were connected by π-conjugated bridges, were divergently synthesized and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an intriguing zipper-like packing mode which was adopted by m-TC in the solid state. Subsequently, UV–vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra in a series of solvents were investigated. The nearly coplanar para isomer p-TC was found to have the most intense UV–vis absorption, fluorescence emission, and the highest photoluminescence quantum yield. The molecule structure, electronic nature, and origination of the absorption of p-TC were revealed through density functional theory calculations. Interestingly, all three positional isomers exhibited strong and stable electrochemiluminescence emission, which enriched the existing knowledge on the optical properties of thiophene-based oligomers

Positional Isomeric Thiophene-Based π‑Conjugated Chromophores: Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties

A series of positional isomeric chromophores o-TC, m-TC, and p-TC, in which electron-rich thiophene moieties were connected by π-conjugated bridges, were divergently synthesized and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an intriguing zipper-like packing mode which was adopted by m-TC in the solid state. Subsequently, UV–vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra in a series of solvents were investigated. The nearly coplanar para isomer p-TC was found to have the most intense UV–vis absorption, fluorescence emission, and the highest photoluminescence quantum yield. The molecule structure, electronic nature, and origination of the absorption of p-TC were revealed through density functional theory calculations. Interestingly, all three positional isomers exhibited strong and stable electrochemiluminescence emission, which enriched the existing knowledge on the optical properties of thiophene-based oligomers