Immune Cell Generation from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Current Status and Challenges

The immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing and eliminating foreign antigens, working in conjunction with other bodily systems to maintain the stability and physiological balance of the internal environment. Cell-based immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of various diseases, including cancers and infections. However, utilizing autologous immune cells for such therapies is costly, time-consuming, and heavily reliant on the availability and quality of immune cells, which are limited in patients. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), offer promising opportunities in disease modeling, cancer therapy, and regenerative medicine. This chapter provides an overview of different culture methods for generating iPSC-derived T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and DCs, highlighting their applications in cell therapies. Furthermore, we discuss the existing challenges and future prospects in this field, envisioning the potential applications of iPSC-based immune therapy

Bis(2,6-dichloro­benz­yl)selane

The title mol­ecule, C14H10Cl4Se, features a selenide bridge between two dichloro­benzyl units. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 107.9 (16)°. In the crystal, weak π–π face-to-face aromatic inter­actions are observed [centroid–centroid distance between two adjacent (but crystallographically different) phenyl rings = 3.885 (5) Å], providing some packing stability. Short Cl⋯Cl contacts of 3.41 (2) Å are observed

The influence of Aharonov-Casher effect on the generalized Dirac oscillator in the cosmic string space-time

In this manuscript we investigate the generalized Dirac oscillator in the simplest topological defect described by the cosmic string space-time under the effect of the external electromagnetic fields. The radial wave equation and energy eigenvalue of the Dirac oscillator considered as the Cornell potential function are derived via the Nikifornov-Uvarov method, we start with the initial analysis of the Aharonov-Casher frequency and phase, deficit angle, and potential parameters on energy spectrum. We also give two specific cases that Dirac oscillator with the Coulomb and Linear potential in this system. Note that the Coulomb strength N1 has non-negligible effect on the studied system

Human liver organoids generated with single donor-derived multiple cells rescue mice from acute liver failure

BackgroundAcute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening disease with a high mortality rate. However, there are limited treatments or devices available for ALF therapy. Here, we aimed to develop a new strategy for ALF treatment by transplanting functional liver organoids (LOs) generated from single donor-derived human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) endoderm, endothelial cells (ECs), and mesenchymal cells (MCs).MethodsFirst, we isolated ECs and MCs from a single donor umbilical cord (UC) through enzyme digestion and characterized the UC-ECs and UC-MCs by flow cytometry. Second, using a nonviral reprogramming method, we generated same donor-derived hiPSCs from the UC-ECs and investigated their hepatic differentiation abilities. Finally, we simultaneously plated EC-hiPSC endoderm, UC-ECs, and UC-MCs in a three-dimensional (3D) microwell culture system, and generated single donor cell-derived differentiated LOs for ALF mouse treatment.ResultsWe obtained ECs and MCs from a single donor UC with high purity, and these cells provided a multicellular microenvironment that promoted LO differentiation. hiPSCs from the same donor were generated from UC-ECs, and the resultant EC-hiPSCs could be differentiated efficiently into pure definitive endoderm and further into hepatic lineages. Simultaneous plating of EC-hiPSC endoderm, UC-ECs, and UC-MCs in the 3D microwell system generated single donor cell-derived LOs (SDC-LOs) that could be differentiated into functional LOs with enhanced hepatic capacity as compared to that of EC-hiPSC-derived hepatic-like cells. When these functional SDC-LOs were transplanted into the renal subcapsules of ALF mice, they rapidly assumed hepatic functions and improved the survival rate of ALF mice.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that functional LOs generated from single donor cells can improve the condition of ALF mice. Functional SDC-LO transplantation provides a promising novel approach for ALF therapy

(2 +1)-dimensional Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau oscillator under a magnetic field in the presence of a minimal length in the noncommutative space

Using the momentum space representation, we study the (2 +1)-dimensional Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau oscillator for spin 0 particle under a magnetic field in the presence of a minimal length in the noncommutative space. The explicit form of energy eigenvalues are found, the wave functions and the corresponding probability density are reported in terms of the Jacobi polynomials. Additionally, we also discuss the special cases and depict the corresponding numerical results

STAR-RIS-Assisted-Full-Duplex Jamming Design for Secure Wireless Communications System

Physical layer security (PLS) technologies are expected to play an important role in the next-generation wireless networks, by providing secure communication to protect critical and sensitive information from illegitimate devices. In this paper, we propose a novel secure communication scheme where the legitimate receiver use full-duplex (FD) technology to transmit jamming signals with the assistance of simultaneous transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STARRIS) which can operate under the energy splitting (ES) model and the mode switching (MS) model, to interfere with the undesired reception by the eavesdropper. We aim to maximize the secrecy capacity by jointly optimizing the FD beamforming vectors, amplitudes and phase shift coefficients for the ESRIS, and mode selection and phase shift coefficients for the MS-RIS. With above optimization, the proposed scheme can concentrate the jamming signals on the eavesdropper while simultaneously eliminating the self-interference (SI) in the desired receiver. To tackle the coupling effect of multiple variables, we propose an alternating optimization algorithm to solve the problem iteratively. Furthermore, we handle the non-convexity of the problem by the the successive convex approximation (SCA) scheme for the beamforming optimizations, amplitudes and phase shifts optimizations for the ES-RIS, as well as the phase shifts optimizations for the MS-RIS. In addition, we adopt a semi-definite relaxation (SDR) and Gaussian randomization process to overcome the difficulty introduced by the binary nature of mode optimization of the MS-RIS. Simulation results validate the performance of our proposed schemes as well as the efficacy of adapting both two types of STAR-RISs in enhancing secure communications when compared to the traditional selfinterference cancellation technology.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Machine-learning-inspired quantum optimal control of nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation via reverse engineering

Quantum control plays an irreplaceable role in practical use of quantum computers. However, some challenges have to be overcome to find more suitable and diverse control parameters. We propose a promising and generalizable average-fidelity-based machine-learning-inspired method to optimize the control parameters, in which a neural network with periodic feature enhancement is used as an ansatz. In the implementation of a single-qubit gate by cat-state nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation via reverse engineering, compared with the control parameters in the simple form of a trigonometric function, our approach can yield significantly higher-fidelity ($>99.99\%$) phase gates, such as the $\pi / 8$ gate (T gate). Single-qubit gates are robust against systematic noise, additive white Gaussian noise and decoherence. We numerically demonstrate that the neural network possesses the ability to expand the model space. With the help of our optimization, we provide a feasible way to implement cascaded multi-qubit gates with high quality in a bosonic system. Therefore, the machine-learning-inspired method may be feasible in quantum optimal control of nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

catena-Poly[[diaqua­[(4-tolyl­sulfan­yl)acetato-κO]cadmium(II)]-μ-4,4′-bipyridine-κ2 N:N′]

The title complex, [Cd(C9H9O2S)2(C10H8N2)(H2O)2]n, has a linear chain structure. The central CdII ion is in a slightly disorted octa­hedral environment, coordinated by two aqua ligands, two (4-tolyl­sulfan­yl)acetate ligands and two bridging 4,4′-bipyridine ligands. The CdII ion lies on a twofold rotation axis. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect adjacent chains, forming a layer structure. An intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is also present