KUALITAS PERMEN JELLY DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI SLURRY UMBI BIT (Beta vulgaris L.)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi slurry umbi bit (Beta vulgaris L.) terhadap kualitas permen jelly. Permen jelly yang beredar dikalangan masyarakat banyak yang tidak memiliki nilai gizi dan mengandung zat pewarna sintetik yang sangat membahayakan tubuh konsumen terlebih permen jelly sangat disukai oleh semua kalangan. Bit (Beta vulgaris L.) merupakan salah satu jenis sayuran yang memiliki nilai gizi yang baik seperti vitamin C, karbohidrat, serat, protein, kalsium, dan senyawa antioksidan berupa pigmen betalain sebagai pewarna pada bit. Bit dikenal sebagai sayuran yang memiliki senyawa antioksidan namun banyak kalangan masyarakat yang belum mengetahui cara pengolahan umbi bit. Pengolahan umbi bit menjadi permen jelly diharapkan dapat memudahkan masyarakat dalam mengkonsumsi dan memanfaatkan khasiat umbi bit. Pembuatan permen jelly umbi bit dilakukan dengan adanya variasi konsentrasi slurry umbi bit yaitu kontrol, 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, dan 20 g. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi uji air, uji abu, uji total fenolik, uji aktivitas antioksidan (DPPH), uji gula reduksi, uji warna, uji tekstur, uji mikrobiologis, dan uji organoleptik. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan (DPPH) pada kelima variasi konsentrasi slurry bit menunjukkan hasil berkisar antara 55,23% hingga 86,60%. Kandungan total fenolik berkisar antara 22,06 GAE/100g hingga 42,62 mg GAE/100g. Kadar gula reduksi berkisar antara 1,86% hingga 6,38%. Kadar air menunjukkan hasil berkisar antara 7,32% hingga 15,02% dan kadar abu berkisar antara 0,04% hingga 0,45%. Penambahan variasi konsentrasi slurry bit memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap keseluruhan uji terkecuali pada uji angka lempeng total. Secara keseluruhan kualitas permen jelly dengan variasi konsentrasi slurry umbi bit terbaik terdapat permen jelly dengan penambahan slurry umbi bit sebesar 10 g

Structurally Diverse Poly(thienylene vinylene)s (PTVs) with Systematically Tunable Properties through Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) and Postpolymerization Modification

Poly­(thienylene vinylene)­s (PTVs) are a unique class of low bandgap conjugated polymers that have received relatively little attention in organic electronic applications due to the limitations in conventional synthetic methodologies that are not capable to produce PTV structures beyond the rudimentary forms. We report here facile synthetic methods, combining acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) and postpolymerization modification reactions, toward a series of structurally diverse PTVs. Specifically, halogen substituents including F, Cl, Br, and I, and conjugated thienyl groups bearing different substituents, have been installed onto every thiophene unit along the PTV backbones. While halogen substitution lowers both the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the polymers, the overall optical properties are similar to the conventional unsubstituted PTVs. On the other hand, with increasing sizes of halogen atoms, the polymer crystallinity decreases caused by steric hindrance induced main-chain nonplanarity as suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and absorption measurements. With the cross-conjugated thienyl side-chains, the PTV polymers are all amorphous due to the large dihedral angles between the main-chain and side-chain thienyl rings. However, with strongly electron-withdrawing groups attached on the side-chain thiophene rings, new electronic transitions located at lower energies are observed, which have never been observed in PTVs and are assigned to main-chain to side-chain intramolecular charge transfer (ICTs) transitions. Such ICT transitions can potentially alter the PTV excited states ordering and dynamics, as evidenced by the appearance of fluorescence in one of the cross-conjugated PTVs bearing strong electron-withdrawing cyanoester vinylene groups. Applications of these new PTVs in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) have been attempted, and preliminary results showed much improved performances over devices using conventional PTVs, especially for those applying the cross-conjugated PTVs. Our methodologies are highly versatile in preparing PTVs with systematically varied structures that for the first time provide means to study and gain better understandings on the structure–property relationships of this unique class of materials and to potentially generate novel polymers tailor-designed for specific electronic applications

Temperature and pH-Dual Responsive AIE-Active Core Crosslinked Polyethylene–Poly(methacrylic acid) Multimiktoarm Star Copolymers

A series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active core crosslinked miktoarm star copolymers, having multi polyethylene (PE) and poly­(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) arms, were synthesized and their thermal/pH responsive properties were studied. The procedure involves (a) the synthesis of PE-Br by polyhomologation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide with triethylborane as initiator, followed by oxidation-hydrolysis/esterification reactions and of poly­(<i>tert</i>-butyl methacrylate) (P<i>t</i>BMA-Br) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of <i>tert</i>-butyl methacrylate, (b) the synthesis of (PE)_<i>n</i>-(P<i>t</i>BMA)_<i>m</i>-P­(TPE-2St) by ATRP of a double styrene-functionalized tetraphenylethene (TPE-2St) with PE-Br and P<i>t</i>BMA-Br macroinitiators, and (c) the hydrolysis of (PE)_<i>n</i>-(P<i>t</i>BMA)_<i>m</i>-P­(TPE-2St) to afford the amphiphilic miktoarm star copolymers (PE)_<i>n</i>-(PMMA)_<i>m</i>-P­(TPE-2St). Due to their spherical core–shell structure (temperature-responsive) and the presence of hydrophilic PMAA (pH-responsive) and TPE-2St (AIE), these miktoarm star copolymers are AIE materials with temperature/pH-dual responsivity. In addition, thanks to the coexistence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic arms, these materials promote stable water-in-oil emulsions

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(selenylene vinylene) and Poly(selenylene vinylene)-<i>co</i>-Poly(thienylene vinylene) through Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization

We report the synthesis and characterization of poly­(3-decylselenylene vinylene) (P3DSV) homopolymers and poly­(3-decylselenylene vinylene)-<i>co</i>-poly­(3-decylthienylene vinylene) (P3DSV-<i>co</i>-P3DTV) copolymers through acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization techniques. The obtained polymers were fully characterized. P3DSV was found to possess reduced crystallinity and a smaller bandgap of about 1.6 eV, compared with those of poly­(3-decylthienylene vinylene) (P3DTV) analogs. P3DSV-<i>co</i>-P3DTV shows electronic properties between those of the corresponding homopolymers and distinctly different from those of simple blends of the two homopolymers. Our methodology provides a new way to control the physical and electronic properties of low bandgap poly­(arylene vinylene)­s (PAVs)

Overexpression of LARGE increased IIH6C4 immunoreactivity on DG-deficient neural stem cells.

<p>Neural stem cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated chamber slides and infected with the Ad-EGFP (A–D) and Ad-LARGE viruses (E–H). Two days later, cells were fixed and immunostained with IIH6C4 antibody. (A, C, E, and G) Wildtype neural stem cells. (B, D, F, and H) DG-deficient neural stem cells. Note that LARGE overexpression increased IIH6C4 immunoreactivity in both the wildtype and DG-deficient neural stem cells (compare E and F to A and B). Abbreviations: DGKO, DG knockout; WT, wildtype. Scale bar in H: 50 µm.</p

Hyperglycosylated proteins in DG deficient neural stem cells were also recognized by VIA4-1 and some were sensitive to peptide N-glycosidase F.

<p>Lysates of DG-deficient neural stem cells with or without LARGE overexpression were immunoprecipitated with VIA4-1 antibody. (A) The immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting with IIH6C4. (B) The VIA4-1 immunoprecipitates were treated with PNGase F and analyzed by immunoblotting with IIH6C4. Abbreviation: DGKO, dystroglycn knockout; IP, immunoprecipitation.</p

Laminin binding by non-α-DG glycoproteins in LARGE overexpressing DG-deficient cells was blocked by IIH6C4.

<p>IIH6C4 antibody was added to the culture medium of neural stem cells, laminin was added, and bound laminin was detected by immunofluorescence staining. (A, C, E, and G) Wildtype neural stem cells. (B, D, F, and H) DG-deficient neural stem cells. (A', C', E', and G') Wildtype neural stem cells treated with IIH6C4. (B', D', F', and H') DG-deficient neural stem cells treated with IIH6C4. (I) Quantification of bound laminin. Scale bar in H': 50 µm.</p

Overexpression of LARGE in DG-deficient neural stem cells promoted laminin binding at the cell surface.

<p>Neural stem cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated chamber slides and infected with Ad-EGFP (A–D) and Ad-LARGE viruses (E–H). Two days after infection, laminin was added to the medium. The cells were washed and fixed 12 hrs later and immunostained with an antibody against laminin (red fluorescence, A, B, E, and F). (A, C, E, and G) Wildtype neural stem cells. (B, D, F, and H) DG-deficient neural stem cells. Abbreviations: DGKO, DG knockout; WT, wildtype. Scale bar in H: 50 µm (25 µm for inserts in A, B, E, and F).</p

Quantification of laminin binding on neural stem cells.

<p>(A) Comparison of overall laminin immunofluorescence intensities for wildtype and DG-deficient neural stem cells with or without LARGE overexpression after incubating with laminin for 1, 6, and 12 hrs. (B) Distribution of aggregate fluorescence intensities. Y-axis shows the percentage of laminin aggregates with fluorescence intensities greater than those shown on the X-axis. (C) Quantification of filamentous and dot–shaped laminin aggregates. (D) Average fluorescence intensities of filamentous aggregates in wildtype and DG-deficient cells with or without overexpression of LARGE. (E) Number of cells in the images analyzed for (A). Images from the 12 hour data point were used for (B, C, and D). Abbreviations: DGKO, DG knockout; WT, wildtype.</p

Establishment of dystroglycan-deficient neural stem cells.

<p>Primary neural stem cells isolated from brain specific knockout fetuses of dystroglycan were clonally expanded, and genotyping performed with knockout specific primers specifying intron 3. Western blot with β-DG antibody, and immunoflurescence staining with β-DG antibody were carried out to confirm successful knockout in clones. (A) Genotyping. (B) RT-PCR. (C) Western blot with β-DG antibody. (D and E) Anti-β-DG immunofluorescence staining of wildtype and knockout neural stem cells respectively. Abbreviations: DG, dystroglycan; DGKO, dystroglycan knockout. Scale bar in E: 50 µm.</p