4 research outputs found
Development of Lead Source-specific Exposure Standards Based on Aggregate Exposure Assessment: Bayesian Inversion from Biomonitoring Information to Multipathway Exposure
Exposure of children to lead is of great concern, and
the exposure
standards for different media are important for protecting public
safety. However, these media-specific standards often fail to ensure
the safety of children even when environmental lead levels are lower
than the quality standards since humans are often exposed to lead
via multiple pathways. To establish exposure standards to protect
children from hazards associated with exposure to lead, an analytical
tool for assessing aggregate exposure to lead based on Bayesian hierarchical
model was developed, and then was used to update the external lead
exposure of diet, paint, soil, air and drinking water using the blood
lead levels in Chinese children aged 1–6 years. On the basis
of updated external exposure, the source allocations for diet, paint,
soil, air, and drinking water in China were 65.80 ± 7.92%, 16.98
± 7.88%, 13.65 ± 5.05%, 3.36 ± 1.75%, and 0.20 ±
0.14%, respectively. Based on the estimated source allocations, the
exposure standards were evaluated to be 0.2 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, 24.25 mg/kg, 0.027 μg/L, 0.051 μg/mg, 0.042 μg/mg,
38.02 μg/mg for air, soil, water, grains, vegetables, and paint,
respectively. Since the standards setting procedure was based on the
multipathway aggregate exposure assessment of lead, the newly proposed
exposure standards should ensure the safety of children
Distribution is a Major Factor Affecting Bioaccumulation of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether: Chinese Sturgeon (<i>Acipenser sinensis</i>) as an Example
While decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) has very low bioavailability
and a rapid biotransformation rate, it exhibits high bioaccumulation
in wildlife. To explore the bioaccumulation mechanism of BDE-209 in
organisms, its toxicokinetic processes were investigated in Chinese
sturgeons from the Yangtze River. Different from less brominated BDEs,
lipids did not play an important role in the distribution of BDE-209
with relatively high concentrations detected in liver (54.5 ±
3.3 ng/g wet weight (ww)), gills (47.4 ± 2.9 ng/g ww), and intestine
(41.9 ± 3.0 ng/g ww), followed by stomach (21.9 ± 9.0 ng/g
ww), muscle (19.1 ± 5.6 ng/g ww), heart (7.5 ± 5.2 ng/g
ww), gonad (6.8 ± 4.9 ng/g ww), adipose (4.9 ± 1.2 ng/g
ww), and egg (2.8 ± 2.3 ng/g ww). In vitro metabolism of BDE-209
by microsomal fractions of Chinese sturgeon found that BDE-209 was
biotransformed rapidly with the rate constant (<i>K</i>)
of 0.039 h<sup>–1</sup> in liver. BDE-126, BDE-154, BDE-188,
BDE-184, BDE-183, BDE-202, BDE-201, and BDE-204/197 were observed
as debrominated products of BDE-209 after incubation, and their formation
rates were 0.026, 0.016, and 0.006 h<sup>–1</sup> for BDE-126
BDE-184, and BDE-154, respectively. The concentration ratios between
heart and intestine for individual PBDEs suggested slow delivery of
BDE-209 among tissues after absorption. A Bayesian hierarchical model
was further developed to estimate partition coefficients in a physiologically
based pharmacokinetic model of BDE-209 in Chinese sturgeon. The estimated
partition coefficients between tissues and blood were higher than
those of less brominated BDE or PCBs in various animals, suggesting
that the low partition ratios from blood to tissues would lead to
high bioaccumulation of BDE-209, especially in absorbing organs
Occurrence and Source of Nitrosamines and Secondary Amines in Groundwater and its Adjacent Jialu River Basin, China
The presence of mutagenic and carcinogenic nitrosamines
in groundwater
is of great concern. In this study, eight nitrosamines including <i>N</i>-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), <i>N</i>-nitrosodiethylamine
(NDEA), <i>N</i>-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), <i>N</i>-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), <i>N</i>-nitrosomorpholine
(NMOR), <i>N</i>-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), <i>N</i>-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), and <i>N</i>-nitrosodi-n-butylamine
(NDBA) and corresponding secondary amines were investigated in shallow
groundwater, river water, and wastewater samples collected from the
Jialu River basin. The total concentrations of nitrosamines and secondary
amines in groundwater were ND–101.1 ng/L and 0.36–4.38
μg/L, respectively. NDMA and its secondary amine DMA (44.7%/40.1%)
were the predominant compounds in groundwater, followed by NDEA/DEA
(21.7%/29.3%) and NDBA/DBA (26.4%/27.4%). Relatively high concentrations
of these six compounds were also observed in river water that was
influenced by the direct discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater.
Using acesulfame as a quantitative population marker, the contribution
of domestic sources to the concentrations of nitrosamines and secondary
amines was 39–85% in downstream reaches of the Jialu River,
and that of industrial sources was estimated to be 65–98% in
other sites of the area. Both on-site leakage of domestic and industrial
wastewater and leaching from river water would contribute to the occurrence
of target pollutants in groundwater. The target pollutants posed a
cancer risk of 4.12 × 10<sup>–5</sup> to the local populations
due to the direct usage of groundwater as potable water
Occurrences of Three Classes of Antibiotics in a Natural River Basin: Association with Antibiotic-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i>
To
investigate the occurrence of antibiotics in urban rivers and
their association with antibiotic-resistant Escherichia
coli, 20 (fluoro)Âquinolone antibiotics (FQs), 16 tetracycline
antibiotics (TCs) and their degradation products, and 25 sulfonamides
(SAs) and some degradation products were determined in 45 river samples
and 13 discharged wastewater samples collected from Wenyu River and
its tributaries and 4 composite effluent samples from sewage treatment
plants in Beijing, China. Fifteen FQs, eight TCs, including four degradation
chemicals, and sixteen SAs, including four acetylated products, were
detected in the river water. The SAs were the dominant antibiotic
(total concentrations up to 3164.0 ng/L) in river water, followed
by FQs (1430.3 ng/L) and TCs (296.6 ng/L). The sum concentrations
for each class of detected antibiotic in the 13 discharge site samples
were higher than those in river samples, up to 12326.7 ng/L for SAs,
6589.2 ng/L for FQs, and 730.1 ng/L for TCs, largely contributing
to the high concentrations in the river basin. Log–linear regression
analysis confirmed that the concentrations of FQs, TCs, and SAs in
the Wenyu River basin were strongly correlated with the number of E. coli resistant to FQs (<i>p</i> <
0.05), TCs (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and SAs (<i>p</i> < 0.05), providing evidence for the environmental impacts of
antibiotic usage