Impact of Tropical Storm Bopha on the Intensity Change of Super Typhoon Saomai in the 2006 Typhoon Season

Super Typhoon Saomai (2006, 08W), which caused historical disaster in the landfall region, is the most powerful typhoon ever making landfall in Mainland China since 1949. The impact of Tropical Storm Bopha (2006, 10W) on Saomai is regarded as a binary tropical cyclone (TC) interaction. In order to quantify the influence of Bopha on the intensity of Saomai, a set of numerical experiments are performed by artificially modifying the intensity of Bopha in its initial conditions. It is shown that changing the intensity of Bopha has significant effects on simulating Saomai’s intensities, structures, and tracks. We find that moisture transport is a pivotal process of binary TC interaction. It is interesting that there are opposite effects by Bopha at different development stages of Saomai. The existence of Bopha and increasing its intensity would weaken Saomai at its intensifying stage while intensifying Saomai at its weakening stage. A possible explanation of these effects is the direction change of moisture transport from/to Saomai at its intensifying/weakening stages through the channel. It may suggest a significant relevance for operational intensity forecasts under active binary TC interaction

Influence of food intervention on enteric nervous system and enteroendocrine cells development in a small for gestational age piglet model

The gut immaturity of small for gestational age (SGA) infants predisposes these infants to gastrointestinal diseases like necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A SGA piglet model was used to investigate the influences of birth weight and diet on the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and entero-endocrine system (EES) during the first month of life, via multivariate analyses. Newborn SGA or AGA (average for gestational age) piglets were randomized into two diet groups: sow reared (SR, 24h/day with the sow) or formula fed (FF, milk replacer) after colostrum intake. Gut samples (duodenum, ileum, colon, rectum) were collected at postnatal day (PD) 1, 14 and 28, and used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n=4/subgroup). Neuronal markers (BIII tubulin (B3T), synaptophysin (SYN), neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)) and EES markers (Chromogranin A (CoA), somatostatin (SOM), serotonin (SER), NPY, Neurotensin (NeuroT)) were used to assess the development of the ENS and enteroendocrine cells (EECs), respectively. At PD1, the ENS of AGA animals was almost fully developed compared with PD14 and PD28. For SGA piglets, a delayed development of nerve endings was observed on PD1 associated with a less developed synaptic system in the enteric nervous ganglia, particularly in colon and rectum. The delayed development of nerve terminals and synaptic system in SGA animals was observed up to PD14. While by PD14, the intensity of SYN staining was similar in all groups. At D28 only, FF piglets presented with a lower number of noradrenergic nerve endings in the ENS (p=0.001). The expression of NPY remained the same between AGA and SGA groups during the first month of postnatal life. Along the study the maturation of the EES was shown to be a dynamic process. The number of CoA, SER and NPY positive cells was influenced by the feeding strategy as their cell numbers increased overtime with SR diet (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.004, respectively). NeuroT cell numbers varied overtime in the different gut sections (p<0.001), and is not influenced by nutritional intervention. Overall, this study demonstrates that the development of ENS and EES can be influenced by birth weight and/or diet and provides a useful model for studying intestinal maturation in different birth weight infants. Finally, we identified for the first time that the ENS is less developed in SGA piglets, and the maturation of the EES has shown to be a diet-dependent dynamic process

Influence of food intervention on enteric nervous system and enteroendocrine cells development in a small for gestational age piglet model

The gut immaturity of small for gestational age (SGA) infants predisposes these infants to gastrointestinal diseases like necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A SGA piglet model was used to investigate the influences of birth weight and diet on the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and entero-endocrine system (EES) during the first month of life, via multivariate analyses. Newborn SGA or AGA (average for gestational age) piglets were randomized into two diet groups: sow reared (SR, 24h/day with the sow) or formula fed (FF, milk replacer) after colostrum intake. Gut samples (duodenum, ileum, colon, rectum) were collected at postnatal day (PD) 1, 14 and 28, and used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n=4/subgroup). Neuronal markers (BIII tubulin (B3T), synaptophysin (SYN), neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)) and EES markers (Chromogranin A (CoA), somatostatin (SOM), serotonin (SER), NPY, Neurotensin (NeuroT)) were used to assess the development of the ENS and enteroendocrine cells (EECs), respectively. At PD1, the ENS of AGA animals was almost fully developed compared with PD14 and PD28. For SGA piglets, a delayed development of nerve endings was observed on PD1 associated with a less developed synaptic system in the enteric nervous ganglia, particularly in colon and rectum. The delayed development of nerve terminals and synaptic system in SGA animals was observed up to PD14. While by PD14, the intensity of SYN staining was similar in all groups. At D28 only, FF piglets presented with a lower number of noradrenergic nerve endings in the ENS (p=0.001). The expression of NPY remained the same between AGA and SGA groups during the first month of postnatal life. Along the study the maturation of the EES was shown to be a dynamic process. The number of CoA, SER and NPY positive cells was influenced by the feeding strategy as their cell numbers increased overtime with SR diet (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.004, respectively). NeuroT cell numbers varied overtime in the different gut sections (p<0.001), and is not influenced by nutritional intervention. Overall, this study demonstrates that the development of ENS and EES can be influenced by birth weight and/or diet and provides a useful model for studying intestinal maturation in different birth weight infants. Finally, we identified for the first time that the ENS is less developed in SGA piglets, and the maturation of the EES has shown to be a diet-dependent dynamic process

MovingParts: Motion-based 3D Part Discovery in Dynamic Radiance Field

We present MovingParts, a NeRF-based method for dynamic scene reconstruction and part discovery. We consider motion as an important cue for identifying parts, that all particles on the same part share the common motion pattern. From the perspective of fluid simulation, existing deformation-based methods for dynamic NeRF can be seen as parameterizing the scene motion under the Eulerian view, i.e., focusing on specific locations in space through which the fluid flows as time passes. However, it is intractable to extract the motion of constituting objects or parts using the Eulerian view representation. In this work, we introduce the dual Lagrangian view and enforce representations under the Eulerian/Lagrangian views to be cycle-consistent. Under the Lagrangian view, we parameterize the scene motion by tracking the trajectory of particles on objects. The Lagrangian view makes it convenient to discover parts by factorizing the scene motion as a composition of part-level rigid motions. Experimentally, our method can achieve fast and high-quality dynamic scene reconstruction from even a single moving camera, and the induced part-based representation allows direct applications of part tracking, animation, 3D scene editing, etc.Comment: 10 page

The Optimization and Mathematical Modeling of Quality Attributes of Parboiled Rice Using a Response Surface Method

The response surface methodology was used to optimize the hydrothermal processing conditions based on the rice quality parameters of the Rong Youhua Zhan rice variety (Indica). The effect of soaking temperature (29.77, 40, 55, 70, and 80.23°C), soaking time (67.55, 90, 120, 150, and 170.45 min), and steaming time (1.59, 5, 10, 15, and 18.41 min), each tested at five levels, on percentage of head rice yield (HRY), hardness, cooking time, lightness, and color were determined, with R2 values of 0.96, 0.94, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.94, respectively. HRY, hardness, cooking time, and color increased with process severity while lightness decreased, although HRY decreased after reaching a maximum. The predicted optimum soaking temperature, soaking time, and steaming time were 69.88°C, 150 min, and 6.73 min, respectively, and the predicted HRY, hardness, cooking time, lightness, and color under these conditions were 73.43%, 29.95 N, 32.14 min, 83.03 min, and 12.24 min, respectively, with a composite desirability of 0.9658. The parboiling industry could use the findings of the current study to obtain the desired quality of parboiled rice. This manuscript will be helpful for researchers working on commercializing parboiled rice processes in China as well as in other countries

Impact of alternative soil data sources on the uncertainties in simulated land-atmosphere interactions

Numerical weather- and climate prediction models rely on soil data to accurately model land surface processes. However, as soil data are produced using soil profiles and maps with multiple sources of uncertainty, wide discrepancies prevail in global soil datasets. Comparison of four commonly used soil datasets in Earth system climate models, i.e., Food and Agriculture Organization soil data, Harmonized World Soil Database, Global Soil Dataset for Earth System Model, and global gridded soil information system SoilGrids, yields widespread differences in southern Africa. This study investigates the simulated land-atmosphere interactions in southern Africa in the context of the uncertainties from applying different global soil datasets. We conducted ensemble simulations using the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting Hydrological Modeling system (WRF-Hydro) incorporated with each of the global soil datasets mentioned above. Model simulations were performed at 4-km convection-permitting scale from January 2015 to June 2016. By quantifying model\u27s internal variability and comparing the modeling results, results show that the simulated temperature, soil moisture, and surface energy fluxes are largely impacted by soil texture differences. For instance, changes in soil texture and associated hydrophysical parameters result in large differences in air temperature up to 1.7°C and surface heat flux up to 25 W/m$^2$, and disparities in averaged surface soil moisture differ up to 0.1 m$^3$/m$^3$ in austral summer months. Differences in soil texture characteristics also regulate local climatic conditions differently in the wet and dry seasons as well as in different climatic regions. Furthermore, the thermodynamic differences in surface energy fluxes caused by soil texture demonstrate physical feedback perspective on atmospheric processes, resulting in distinct changes in planetary boundary layer height. This study demonstrates the non-negligible impact of soil data on land surface-atmosphere coupled modeling and highlights the need for consistent consideration of modeling uncertainties from soil data in modeling applications