Holographic dissipative space-time supersolids

Driving a system out of equilibrium enriches the paradigm of spontaneous symmetry breaking, which could then take place not only in space but also in time. The interplay between temporal and spatial symmetries, as well as symmetries from other internal degrees of freedom, can give rise to novel nonequilibrium phases of matter. In this study, we investigate a driven-dissipative superfluid model using holographic methods and reveal the existence of a space-time supersolid (STS) phase which concomitantly breaks the time translation, spatial translation, and the internal U(1) symmetry. The holographic methods naturally include finite temperature effects, which enables us to explore the complex phase diagram of this model and observe a cascade of out-of-equilibrium phase transitions from the STS phase to a synchronized superfluid phase, and finally to a normal fluid phase, by increasing the temperature.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

Dynamical evolution of spinodal decomposition in holographic superfluids

We study the nonlinear dynamical evolution of spinodal decomposition in a first-order superfluid phase transition using a simple holographic model in the probe limit. We first confirm the linear stability analysis based on quasinormal modes and verify the existence of a critical length scale related to a gradient instability -- negative speed of sound squared -- of the superfluid sound mode, which is a consequence of a negative thermodynamic charge susceptibility. We present a comparison between our case and the standard Cahn-Hilliard equation for spinodal instability, in which a critical length scale can be also derived based on a diffusive instability. We then perform several numerical tests which include the nonlinear time evolution directly from an unstable state and fast quenches from a stable to an unstable state in the spinodal region. Our numerical results provide a real time description of spinodal decomposition and phase separation in one and two spatial dimensions. We reveal the existence of four different stages in the dynamical evolution, and characterize their main properties. Finally, we investigate the strength of dynamical heterogeneity using the spatial variance of the local chemical potential and we correlate the latter to other features of the dynamical evolution.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figure

The Reaction of Allyl Isothiocyanate with Hydroxyl/Water and β-Cyclodextrin Using Ultraviolet Spectrometry

Metodom ultraljubičaste spektrofotometrije istražena je reakcija alil izotiocijanata (AITC) s hidroksilom/vodom i β-ciklodekstrinom (β-CD) u mediju različite kiselosti odnosno lužnatosti. Mjereni su kinetički parametri reakcije. Utvrđeno je da se, nakon što AITC prijeđe u tioureu, apsorpcijski pik pomakne s 240 na 226 nm i da molarna apsorpcija poraste 16 puta. Reakcija se može okarakterizirati kao pseudoreakcija prvog reda jer je konstantna koncentracija hidroksila. β-CD može inhibirati reakciju AITC s hidroksilom/vodom, tj. hidrolizu AITC. Izračunati su konstanta nastajanja (Ka) i termodinamički parametri kompleksne reakcije. S povećanjem temperature smanjuje se Ka. Rezultati pokusa pokazuju da proces uključuje egzotermnu reakciju koju pokreće entalpija praćena negativnom entropijom.The reaction of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) with hydroxyl/water and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in different acidic-alkaline media has been investigated by ultraviolet spectrometry. The kinetic parameters of the reaction were measured. It was found that after AITC translating into thiourea, the absorption peak shifted from 240 to 226 nm and the molar absorptivity increased about 16 times. The reaction can be seen as a pseudo first order reaction because the concentration of hydroxyl was constant. β-CD can inhibit the reaction of AITC with hydroxyl/water, i.e. the hydrolysis of AITC. The formation constant (Ka) and thermodynamic parameters of the complex reaction were calculated. Ka decreased with the increase of temperature. The experimental results indicated that the inclusive process was an exothermic and enthalpy-driven process accompanied with a negative entropic contribution

Correlated states in twisted double bilayer graphene

Electron-electron interactions play an important role in graphene and related systems and can induce exotic quantum states, especially in a stacked bilayer with a small twist angle. For bilayer graphene where the two layers are twisted by a "magic angle", flat band and strong many-body effects lead to correlated insulating states and superconductivity. In contrast to monolayer graphene, the band structure of untwisted bilayer graphene can be further tuned by a displacement field, providing an extra degree of freedom to control the flat band that should appear when two bilayers are stacked on top of each other. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of such displacement-field tunable electronic phases in twisted double bilayer graphene. We observe insulating states at a half-filled conduction band in an intermediate range of displacement fields. Furthermore, the resistance gap in the correlated insulator increases with respect to the in-plane magnetic fields and we find that the g factor according to spin Zeeman effect is ~2, indicating spin polarization at half filling. These results establish the twisted double bilayer graphene as an easily tunable platform for exploring quantum many-body states

Experimental observation of magnetic bobbers for a new concept of magnetic solid-state memory

The use of chiral skyrmions, which are nanoscale vortex-like spin textures, as movable data bit carriers forms the basis of a recently proposed concept for magnetic solid-state memory. In this concept, skyrmions are considered to be unique localized spin textures, which are used to encode data through the quantization of different distances between identical skyrmions on a guiding nanostripe. However, the conservation of distances between highly mobile and interacting skyrmions is difficult to implement in practice. Here, we report the direct observation of another type of theoretically-predicted localized magnetic state, which is referred to as a chiral bobber (ChB), using quantitative off-axis electron holography. We show that ChBs can coexist together with skyrmions. Our results suggest a novel approach for data encoding, whereby a stream of binary data representing a sequence of ones and zeros can be encoded via a sequence of skyrmions and bobbers. The need to maintain defined distances between data bit carriers is then not required. The proposed concept of data encoding promises to expedite the realization of a new generation of magnetic solid-state memory