608 research outputs found
Incremental Collaborative Beam Alignment for Millimeter Wave Cell-Free MIMO Systems
Millimeter wave (mmWave) cell-free MIMO achieves an extremely high rate while
its beam alignment (BA) suffers from excessive overhead due to a large number
of transceivers. Recently, user location and probing measurements are utilized
for BA based on machine learning (ML) models, e.g., deep neural network (DNN).
However, most of these ML models are centralized with high communication and
computational overhead and give no specific consideration to practical issues,
e.g., limited training data and real-time model updates. In this paper, we
study the {probing} beam-based BA for mmWave cell-free MIMO downlink with the
help of broad learning (BL). For channels without and with uplink-downlink
reciprocity, we propose the user-side and base station (BS)-side BL-aided
incremental collaborative BA approaches. Via transforming the centralized BL
into a distributed learning with data and feature splitting respectively, the
user-side and BS-side schemes realize implicit sharing of multiple user data
and multiple BS features. Simulations confirm that the user-side scheme is
applicable to fast time-varying and/or non-stationary channels, while the
BS-side scheme is suitable for systems with low-bandwidth fronthaul links and a
central unit with limited computing power. The advantages of proposed schemes
are also demonstrated compared to traditional and DNN-aided BA schemes.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, to appear in the IEEE Transactions on
Communications, 202
Shennan Road and the Modernization of Shenzhen Architecture
Shenzhensetsanexampleforrapiddevelopmentofurbanplanningandconstruction.It was the starting point of the most massive city-construction movement in contemporary China. In less than 40 years, many representative urban space and buildings on the mainmast-west highway—-ShennanRoad,have witnessed the for mation of the banded multi-center structural layout and the miraculous expansion of the city. Many of those iconic buildings are designed by Hong Kong or foreign architects. With the continuous development of the length and width of Shennan road, its broad and prosperous image is not only a symbol of the fruits of reform and opening up in Shenzhen or even China, but also contains the growth history of Shenzhen’s architectural modernization. This paper reviews and summarizes the changes of the urban fabric and the design trend of representative buildings along with the Shennan Road in different periods by the historical research methods. Combined with the transfer path of the city center, this study analyzes what kind of unique role the street and buildings act as in the developmentofurbanstructureinShenzhen,and expound what other urban functions and symbolic meaning they have. In the context of globalization, this article discusses how do the buildings designed by foreign architects change our city,thedrivenfactors behind the phenomenon of the design trend change. This research can make a supplement to the history and theory of the modernization of contemporary Chinese architecture
Structure-based substrate screening for an enzyme
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nowadays, more and more novel enzymes can be easily found in the whole enzyme pool with the rapid development of genetic operation. However, experimental work for substrate screening of a new enzyme is laborious, time consuming and costly. On the other hand, many computational methods have been widely used in lead screening of drug design. Seeing that the ligand-target protein system in drug design and the substrate-enzyme system in enzyme applications share the similar molecular recognition mechanism, we aim to fulfill the goal of substrate screening by in silico means in the present study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A computer-aided substrate screening (CASS) system which was based on the enzyme structure was designed and employed successfully to help screen substrates of <it>Candida antarctica </it>lipase B (CALB). In this system, restricted molecular docking which was derived from the mechanism of the enzyme was applied to predict the energetically favorable poses of substrate-enzyme complexes. Thereafter, substrate conformation, distance between the oxygen atom of the alcohol part of the ester (in some compounds, this oxygen atom was replaced by nitrogen atom of the amine part of acid amine or sulfur atom of the thioester) and the hydrogen atom of imidazole of His224, distance between the carbon atom of the carbonyl group of the compound and the oxygen atom of hydroxyl group of Ser105 were used sequentially as the criteria to screen the binding poses. 223 out of 233 compounds were identified correctly for the enzyme by this screening system. Such high accuracy guaranteed the feasibility and reliability of the CASS system.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The idea of computer-aided substrate screening is a creative combination of computational skills and enzymology. Although the case studied in this paper is tentative, high accuracy of the CASS system sheds light on the field of computer-aided substrate screening.</p
Contrastive Shapelet Learning for Unsupervised Multivariate Time Series Representation Learning
Recent studies have shown great promise in unsupervised representation
learning (URL) for multivariate time series, because URL has the capability in
learning generalizable representation for many downstream tasks without using
inaccessible labels. However, existing approaches usually adopt the models
originally designed for other domains (e.g., computer vision) to encode the
time series data and rely on strong assumptions to design learning objectives,
which limits their ability to perform well. To deal with these problems, we
propose a novel URL framework for multivariate time series by learning
time-series-specific shapelet-based representation through a popular
contrasting learning paradigm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
work that explores the shapelet-based embedding in the unsupervised
general-purpose representation learning. A unified shapelet-based encoder and a
novel learning objective with multi-grained contrasting and multi-scale
alignment are particularly designed to achieve our goal, and a data
augmentation library is employed to improve the generalization. We conduct
extensive experiments using tens of real-world datasets to assess the
representation quality on many downstream tasks, including classification,
clustering, and anomaly detection. The results demonstrate the superiority of
our method against not only URL competitors, but also techniques specially
designed for downstream tasks. Our code has been made publicly available at
https://github.com/real2fish/CSL
A Dynamic Points Removal Benchmark in Point Cloud Maps
In the field of robotics, the point cloud has become an essential map
representation. From the perspective of downstream tasks like localization and
global path planning, points corresponding to dynamic objects will adversely
affect their performance. Existing methods for removing dynamic points in point
clouds often lack clarity in comparative evaluations and comprehensive
analysis. Therefore, we propose an easy-to-extend unified benchmarking
framework for evaluating techniques for removing dynamic points in maps. It
includes refactored state-of-art methods and novel metrics to analyze the
limitations of these approaches. This enables researchers to dive deep into the
underlying reasons behind these limitations. The benchmark makes use of several
datasets with different sensor types. All the code and datasets related to our
study are publicly available for further development and utilization.Comment: Code check https://github.com/KTH-RPL/DynamicMap_Benchmark.git , 7
pages, accepted by ITSC 202
Improving the Robustness of Transformer-based Large Language Models with Dynamic Attention
Transformer-based models, such as BERT and GPT, have been widely adopted in
natural language processing (NLP) due to their exceptional performance.
However, recent studies show their vulnerability to textual adversarial attacks
where the model's output can be misled by intentionally manipulating the text
inputs. Despite various methods that have been proposed to enhance the model's
robustness and mitigate this vulnerability, many require heavy consumption
resources (e.g., adversarial training) or only provide limited protection
(e.g., defensive dropout). In this paper, we propose a novel method called
dynamic attention, tailored for the transformer architecture, to enhance the
inherent robustness of the model itself against various adversarial attacks.
Our method requires no downstream task knowledge and does not incur additional
costs. The proposed dynamic attention consists of two modules: (I) attention
rectification, which masks or weakens the attention value of the chosen tokens,
and (ii) dynamic modeling, which dynamically builds the set of candidate
tokens. Extensive experiments demonstrate that dynamic attention significantly
mitigates the impact of adversarial attacks, improving up to 33\% better
performance than previous methods against widely-used adversarial attacks. The
model-level design of dynamic attention enables it to be easily combined with
other defense methods (e.g., adversarial training) to further enhance the
model's robustness. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dynamic attention
preserves the state-of-the-art robustness space of the original model compared
to other dynamic modeling methods
Producing cultural space in the Chinese cities: a case study of grand theaters in Shanghai
Following the rapid pace of urbanisation, Chinese cities have launched a new wave of large-scale infrastructure, including cultural building construction. From 1998 to 2015, more than 360 grand theaters were built together with libraries, museums and children’s palaces. The number of newly built theaters may have been more than the total sum built in Europe over the past 70 years. Through case studies of theaters built in Shanghai, this paper penetrates the phenomenon of the “heat of cultural buildings” and discovers the history, intentions and effects of these theaters on Chinese cities. Following on-site investigation of the city and theaters, the materials of theater building in China are presented. Theaters of various types are discussed in the framework of urban space, design language and consumerist culture. The authors find that the rapid growth of cultural facilities epitomises the ambition and strong implementation of Chinese (and Asian) governments in the wave of urbanisation and globalization
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