FashionSAP: Symbols and Attributes Prompt for Fine-grained Fashion Vision-Language Pre-training

Fashion vision-language pre-training models have shown efficacy for a wide range of downstream tasks. However, general vision-language pre-training models pay less attention to fine-grained domain features, while these features are important in distinguishing the specific domain tasks from general tasks. We propose a method for fine-grained fashion vision-language pre-training based on fashion Symbols and Attributes Prompt (FashionSAP) to model fine-grained multi-modalities fashion attributes and characteristics. Firstly, we propose the fashion symbols, a novel abstract fashion concept layer, to represent different fashion items and to generalize various kinds of fine-grained fashion features, making modelling fine-grained attributes more effective. Secondly, the attributes prompt method is proposed to make the model learn specific attributes of fashion items explicitly. We design proper prompt templates according to the format of fashion data. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on two public fashion benchmarks, i.e., FashionGen and FashionIQ, and FashionSAP gets SOTA performances for four popular fashion tasks. The ablation study also shows the proposed abstract fashion symbols, and the attribute prompt method enables the model to acquire fine-grained semantics in the fashion domain effectively. The obvious performance gains from FashionSAP provide a new baseline for future fashion task research

Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the physiological response to transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion

Background: The transient global cerebral hypoperfusion/reperfusion achieved by induction of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion followed by Reperfusion (BCCAO/R) may trigger a physiological response in an attempt to preserve tissue and function integrity. There are several candidate molecules among which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and/or peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) may play a role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. The aims of the present study are to evaluate whether the ECS, the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PPAR-alpha are involved during BCCAO/R in rat brain, and to identify possible markers of the ongoing BCCAO/R-induced challenge in plasma. Methods: Adult Wistar rats underwent BCCAO/R with 30 min hypoperfusion followed by 60 min reperfusion. The frontal and temporal-occipital cortices and plasma were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to determine concentrations of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and related molecules behaving as ligands of PPAR-alpha, and of oxidative-stress markers such as lipoperoxides, while Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to study protein expression of cannabinoid receptors, COX-2 and PPAR-alpha. Unpaired Student's t-test was used to evaluate statistical differences between groups. Results: The acute BCCAO/R procedure is followed by increased brain tissue levels of the eCBs 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide, an avid ligand of PPAR-alpha, lipoperoxides, type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, and COX-2, and decreased brain tissue concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the major targets of lipid peroxidation. In plasma, increased levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides were observed. Conclusions: The BCCAO/R stimulated early molecular changes that can be easily traced in brain tissue and plasma, and that are indicative of the tissue physiological response to the reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The observed variations suggest that the positive modulation of the ECS and the increase of proinflammatory substances are directly correlated events. Increase of plasmatic levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides further suggests that dysregulation of these molecules may be taken as an indicator of an ongoing hypoperfusion/reperfusion challenge

A neonatal murine model for evaluation of enterovirus E HY12 virus infection and pathogenicity.

HY12 viruses are enteroviruses recently isolated from cattle characterized by severe respiratory and digestive disease with high morbidity and mortality in China. While the viruses exhibit unique biological and molecular characters distinct from known enterovirus E, the pathogenicity and viral pathogenesis remains largely unknown.Neonatal mice of Balb/C, ICR, and Kunming strain are infected with HY12 to determine the susceptible mouse strain. The minimal infection dose, the virus infection routes, the pathogenicity and tissue tropism for HY12 were determined by infecting susceptible mice with HY12 viruses, and confirmed by different approaches including virus isolation and recovery, virus detection, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry.A murine model for HY12 infection was successfully established and employed to investigate the pathogenicity of HY12 viruses. ICR mouse strain is the most susceptible strain for HY12 infection with a minimal infective dose as 2×106TCID50/mouse. HY12 viruses have the capability of infecting ICR suckling mice via all infection routes including intranasal administration, oral administration, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, and intramuscular injection, which are confirmed by the isolation and recovery of viruses from HY12-infected mice; detection of viruses by RT-PCR; observations of pathological lesions and inflammatory cell infiltrations in the intestine, lung, liver, and brain; uncovering of HY12 virus antigens in majority of tissues, especially in intestine, lung, and infected brain of mice by immunohistochemistry assay.A neonatal murine model for HY12 infection is successfully established for determining the susceptible mouse strain, the minimal infective dose, the infection route, the viral pathogenicity and the tropism of HY12, thus providing an invaluable model system for elucidating the pathogenesis of HY12 viruses and the elicited immunity

Unveiling of Evolution Pattern for HY12 Enterovirus Quasispecies and Pathogenicity Alteration

Enterovirus, like the majority of RNA viruses, evolves to survive the changeable environments by a variety of strategies. Here, we showed that HY12 virus evolved to alter its characteristics and pathogenicity by employing a non-synonymous mutation. Analyses of 5′UTR, VP1 and VP2 gene sequences revealed the existence of HY12 virus in an array of mutants defined as quasispecies. The determination of diversity and complexity showed that the mutation rate and complexity of HY12 virus quasispecies increased, while the proportion of HY12 VP1 and VP2 consensus (master) sequences decreased with increasing passages. Synonymous mutation and non-synonymous mutation analysis displayed a positive selection for HY12 quasispecies evolution. A comparison of HY12 virus in different passages demonstrated that HY12 virus altered its characteristic, phenotype, and pathogenicity via non-synonymous mutation. These findings revealed the evolution pattern for HY12 virus, and the alteration of HY12 virus characteristics and pathogenicity by mutation

Effect of exon 2b sequence on the amelogenin protein structures.

<p>(A) Hydrophilicity-plot analysis using the Kyte and Doolittle algorithm. Hydrophilicity-plots of <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182, <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-195 and mouse (D31768.1) were generated and compared. In relation to <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182 and mouse amelogenin, the region underlined with a black line (middle panel) is the exon 2b sequence, which was hydrophilic. (B) Exon 2b has no significant effect on the secondary structure of P.cinereus-195 predicted by Psipred. Similar to that of mouse amelogenin (AA 4~12), one potential helical region for <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182 (AA 4~11) and <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-195 (AA 4~11) was revealed by Psipred prediction. (C) Exon 2b sequence effects on the tertiary structures of <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-195. <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182 and <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-195 were used as query sequence for homology detection and structure prediction by HMM-HMM comparison using HHpred. A bar graph summarizes the positions and color-coded significances of the database matches with the probability. A tabular hit lists probabilities, E-values, scores, and match regions in queries and templates.</p

Outsplicing of exon 6 in <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-50 has dramatic effects on secondary and tertiary structure.

<p>(A–B) <b>Outsplicing</b> of exon 6 dramatically affects amelogenin secondary structure of <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-50 predicted by Psipred in relation to <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182. One potential helical region was observed in <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182 (AA 4-11), while two potential helical regions were revealed for <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-50 (AA 3~15, 38~48) in addition to a beta-strand region (AA 28~35) as revealed by Psipred prediction. (C–D) Exon 6 outsplicing affects the tertiary structure of <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-50. <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182 and P.cinereus-50 were used as query sequence for homology detection and structure prediction by HMM-HMM comparison using HHpred. A bar graph summarizes the positions and color-coded significances of the database matches with the probability.</p

PCR amplification of potential amelogenin transcripts in <i>Plethodon</i><i>cinereus</i>.

<p>The cDNA was synthesized from total RNA isolated from tooth organs of <i>Plethodon</i><i>cinereus</i> and used to perform gradient PCR. PCR products amplified with different annealing temperatures were shown in lane 1(50°C), lane 2~3 (52°C, 54°C), lane 4 (56°C), and lane 5 (58°C), respectively. The arrow on the left showed the PCR products corresponding to AMEL-L, M and S (from top to bottom). Lane 6 is 100bp DNA plus ladder (Invitrogen).</p

Novel amelogenin gene splicing forms in <i>Plethodon</i><i>cinereus</i>.

<p>(A) Alignment analysis of the full-length salamander amelogenin gene cDNA sequence of <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-M with the novel salamander amelogenin cDNA sequence <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-L, and <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-S. The full-length of <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-M transcript is 812 bp, while the <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-L and <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-S transcripts are 851 bp and 416 bp, respectively. In relation to <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-M, the <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-L contains an additional 39 bp located between nucleotide 136 and 137, and <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-S is short of 396 nucleotides between nucleotides 230 and 629. The 5’-untranslated region contains 82 nucleotides upstream of the translation start codon ATG. The 3’-untranslated region contains 181 nucleotides downstream stop codon TAA. (B) Sequence analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-M, <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-L, and <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-S. In relation to <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-182 encoded by <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-M, the <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-195 encoded by <i>P</i><i>. cinereus</i>-L contains an additional 13 amino acid residues located between amino acid residue 18 and 19. <i>P</i>.<i>cinereus</i>-50 was short of 123 amino acid residues between AA 49 and 181.</p