839 research outputs found
A Bayesian Framework to Constrain the Photon Mass with a Catalog of Fast Radio Bursts
A hypothetical photon mass, , gives an energy-dependent light speed
in a Lorentz-invariant theory. Such a modification causes an additional time
delay between photons of different energies when they travel through a fixed
distance. Fast radio bursts (FRBs), with their short time duration and
cosmological propagation distance, are excellent astrophysical objects to
constrain . Here for the first time we develop a Bayesian framework
to study this problem with a catalog of FRBs. Those FRBs with and without
redshift measurement are both useful in this framework, and can be combined in
a Bayesian way. A catalog of 21 FRBs (including 20 FRBs without redshift
measurement, and one, FRB 121102, with a measured redshift ) give a combined limit ,
or equivalently (, or equivalently ) at 68% (95%) confidence level, which represents the
best limit that comes purely from kinematics. The framework proposed here will
be valuable when FRBs are observed daily in the future. Increment in the number
of FRBs, and refinement in the knowledge about the electron distributions in
the Milky Way, the host galaxies of FRBs, and the intergalactic median, will
further tighten the constraint.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures; Physical Review D, in pres
Sea quark contents of octet baryons
The flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea, i.e., the excess of
quark-antiquark pairs over ones in the proton can be explained by
several different models; therefore, it is a challenge to discriminate these
models from each other. We examine in this Letter three models: the balance
model, the meson cloud model, and the chiral quark model, and we show that
these models give quite different predictions on the sea quark contents of
other octet baryons. New experiments aimed at measuring the flavor contents of
other octet baryons are needed for a more profound understanding of the
non-perturbative properties of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, version in final publicatio
Characterization of microstructure and oxidation resistance of Y and Ge modified silicide coating on Nb-Si based alloy
Y and Ge modified silicide coating was prepared on the Nb-Si based alloy by Si–Ge–Y co-deposition at 1300°C for 10h. The coating consists of an outer layer and a transitional layer(Fig.1a). The outer layer is consist of( Nb , X )(Si, Ge)2(X represents Ti, Cr, Ge and Hf elements) and the transitional layer is composed of ( Nb , X )5(Si, Ge)3. The mass gain of the coated specimen is 2.78 mg cm−2 after oxidation at 1250 °C for 100 h(Fig.1b), which reveals that Ge and Y modified silicide coating exhibits better oxidation resistance than Ge-modified silicide coating and Y element is significantly beneficial for the oxidation resistance. The results indicate that Y refines grain size due to the formation of Y3Al5O12 particles at grain boundaries, which could promote the rapid formation of protective SiO2 and GeO2 scale, and then oxygen diffusion could be decreased. Therefore, the oxidation resistance of the coating is improved.
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An experimental study on fabric softness evaluation
Purpose – To examine a simple testing method of measuring the force to pull a fabric through a series of parallel pins to determine the fabric softness property.Design/methodology/approach – A testing system was setup for fabric pulling force measurements and the testing parameters were experimentally determined. The specific pulling forces were compared with the fabric assurance by simple testing (FAST) parameters and subjective softness ranking. Their correlations were also statistically analyzed.Findings – The fabric pulling force reflects the physical and surface properties of the fabrics measured by the FAST instrument and its ability to rank fabric softness appears to be close to the human hand response on fabric softness. The pulling force method can also distinguish the difference of fabrics knitted with different wool fiber contents.Research limitations/implications – Only 21 woven and three knitted fabrics were used for this investigation. More fabrics with different structures and finishes may be evaluated before the testing method can be put in practice.Practical implications – The testing method could be used for objective assessment of fabric softness.Originality/value – The testing method reported in this paper is a new concept in fabric softness measurement. It can provide objective specifications for fabric softness, thus should be valuable to fabric community. <br /
Transcriptional responses of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Schistosoma mansoni following exposure to niclosamide, with evidence for a synergistic effect on snails following exposure to both stressors.
BackgroundSchistosomiasis is one of the world's most common NTDs. Successful control operations often target snail vectors with the molluscicide niclosamide. Little is known about how niclosamide affects snails, including for Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the most important vector for Schistosoma mansoni in Africa. We used Illumina technology to explore how field-derived B. pfeifferi, either uninfected or harboring cercariae-producing S. mansoni sporocysts, respond to a sublethal treatment of niclosamide. This study afforded the opportunity to determine if snails respond differently to biotic or abiotic stressors, and if they reserve unique responses for when presented with both stressors in combination. We also examined how sporocysts respond when their snail host is treated with niclosamide.Principal findingsCercariae-producing sporocysts within snails treated with niclosamide express ~68% of the genes in the S. mansoni genome, as compared to 66% expressed by intramolluscan stages of S. mansoni in snails not treated with niclosamide. Niclosamide does not disable sporocysts nor does it seem to provoke from them distinctive responses associated with detoxifying a xenobiotic. For uninfected B. pfeifferi, niclosamide treatment alone increases expression of several features not up-regulated in infected snails including particular cytochrome p450s and heat shock proteins, glutathione-S-transferases, antimicrobial factors like LBP/BPI and protease inhibitors, and also provokes strong down regulation of proteases. Exposure of infected snails to niclosamide resulted in numerous up-regulated responses associated with apoptosis along with down-regulated ribosomal and defense functions, indicative of a distinctive, compromised state not achieved with either stimulus alone.Conclusions/significanceThis study helps define the transcriptomic responses of an important and under-studied schistosome vector to S. mansoni sporocysts, to niclosamide, and to both in combination. It suggests the response of S. mansoni sporocysts to niclosamide is minimal and not reflective of a distinct repertoire of genes to handle xenobiotics while in the snail host. It also offers new insights for how niclosamide affects snails
FEM analysis of knife penetration through woven fabrics
In this paper, the penetration of a knife through a plain woven fabric is simulated with the finite element method to understand the process of stabbing and the mechanism of fiber breakage. The model focuses on the study of the deformation of individual yarns, and the effects of their material properties and fabric structure on the stabbing resistant force. The performance of the fabric is analyzed as a response of stabbing and the stress distributions in yarn transverse and longitudinal directions. An equation derived from energy and momentum conservations of the knife is proposed to predict the depth of the knife penetration
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