Airworthiness Considerations of Supply Chain Management from Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Issue

AbstractWith the globalization of the economy, the aviation market competition intensifies and the aviation product development mode has correspondingly changed. The aircraft manufacturers pack more and more works to the suppliers to join the development work. The role of suppliers becomes more and more important during the development. Therefore, the problems of suppliers are following which have a significant influence on the aircraft design, manufacture and EIS which is means through the whole lifecycle of the aircraft.On January 16, 2013, an ANA flight made an emergency landing in western Japan after a cockpit message warned of battery problems and a burning smell was detected in the cockpit and cabin. At the same time, the FAA issued an emergency airworthiness directive ordering all U.S.-based airlines to ground their Boeing 787s until yet-to-be-determined modifications are made to the electrical system to reduce the risk of the battery overheating or catching fire. This is the first time that the FAA has grounded an airliner type since 1979. This event caused that Boeing shares has fell 2.6%. It is not the only accident of Boeing 787. Similarly, for other aircraft types, such as the Airbus A380, had to delay delivery due to supplier problem. It can be conclude that the supply chain management has an important impact on the aircraft development. From the perspective of airworthiness, this paper analyze the suppliers management of Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery issue and some advices are given to provide references and learnt lessons to the aircraft industry.The main content of this paper is as follows:First of all, the context and the purposes of this study was introduced in Chapter 1; the airworthiness regulation of CAAC, FAA and EASA about applicants’ supplier management are introduced. All requirements covering supplier managements would be concluded.Secondly, this paper focus on the whole process and solution of Boeing 787 battery issue and analyze the airworthiness problem of supplier management.Boeing 787 uses the lithium-ion battery which was produced by Yuasa and assembled by Thales who are integrate it into avionic system. Thales is the tie 1 supplier and Yuasa is the tie 2 supplier. This paper will introduce the whole process and the final resolution given by Boeing. Based on the airworthiness regulation, the airworthiness problem of supplier management reflected from Boeing 787 battery issue would be analyzed, especially in the tie 2 supplier management show compliance with the airworthiness requirements.Thirdly, on the basis of precious analysis, the actual airworthiness regulation would be concluded and supplier management of some international company would be presented as example. It is shown that development mode change has brought more problems of supplier management.Finally, this paper proposes how to fully meet the airworthiness requirements to suppliers management. Some ideas and suggestions are given to avoid the similar events and support aviation industr

Arecoline induces dual modulation of blood pressure in rat, including an initial downregulation and a subsequent upregulation

Purpose: To determine the role of arecoline in cardiovascular modulation in rats.Methods: After rats were anaesthetized with intraperitoneal urethane (1.4 g/kg body weight), saline or arecoline (at doses of 1.0, 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered, and blood pressure (BP) was continuously recorded using a physiological apparatus. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), maximum changes in MAP and reaction time due to arecoline stimulations were calculated and analyzed.Results: Arecoline induced biphasic modulation in BP, including an initial downregulation followed by a subsequent upregulation. The MAP and maximum change in MAP exhibited a concentration-dependent effect in the downregulation phase (p < 0.001 within each group), but not in the upregulation phase (p > 0.05 within each group), while BP reaction time showed a dose-dependent prolongation in both downregulation and upregulation phases (ps < 0.01 within each group). Remarkably, arecoline-induced BP downregulation more rapidly and drastically than upregulation in each arecoline group.Conclusion: These results indicate that arecoline exerts a complex effect in cardiovascular modulation that should be considered as side effects in the clinical use of arecoline and/or with the habitual chewing of areca nuts. Keywords: Arecoline, Blood pressure, Downregulation, Upregulatio

Speculation on optimal numbers of examined lymph node for early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer from the perspective of stage migration

IntroductionIn early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), how to perform lymphadenectomy to avoid stage migration and achieve reliable targeted excision has not been explored in depth. This study comprehensively considered the stage migration and survival to determine appropriate numbers of examined lymph node (ELN) for early-stage EOC and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).MethodsFrom the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we obtained 10372 EOC cases with stage T1M0 and ELN ≥ 2, including 2849 HGSOC cases. Generalized linear models with multivariable adjustment were used to analyze associations between ELN numbers and lymph node stage migration, survival and positive lymph node (PLN). LOESS regression characterized dynamic trends of above associations followed by Chow test to determine structural breakpoints of ELN numbers. Survival curves were plotted using Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsMore ELNs were associated with more node-positive diseases, more PLNs and better prognosis. ELN structural breakpoints were different in subgroups of early-stage EOC, which for node stage migration or PLN were more than those for improving outcomes. The meaning of ELN structural breakpoint varied with its location and the morphology of LOESS curve. To avoid stage migration, the optimal ELN for early-stage EOC was 29 and the minimal ELN for HGSOC was 24. For better survival, appropriate ELN number were 13 and 8 respectively. More ELNs explained better prognosis only at a certain range.DiscussionNeither too many nor too few numbers of ELN were ideal for early-stage EOC and HGSOC. Excision with appropriate numbers of lymph node draining the affected ovary may be more reasonable than traditional sentinel lymph node resection and systematic lymphadenectomy

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN