COMPOSIÇÃO E ESTRUTURA DO FITOBENTOS DO INFRALITORAL DA RESERVA BIOLÓGICA MARINHA DO ARVOREDO, SANTA CATARINA, BRASIL--IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO

Benthic organisms of the subtidal region are usually studied from dredged samples, what is an inefficient approach for community structure studies. Only a few community studies in Brazil made use of scuba diving. The present study describes the phytobenthic community structure of the Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve on the south part of Brazil. Sampling was done through scuba diving close to three islands that are part of the Reserve. The sampling sites were selected based on their degree of shelter or exposition to wave action and currents. A hundred and twenty seven species of organisms were identified. Some of species found were unprecedented to the south part of Brazil, and a potentially new species of the genus Callophyllis was found. Sargassum vulgare was the dominant species for all the sampled sites, composing 41.5% of the total biomass. There was a rhodolith bed present in a sheltered area. Shannon diversity index was 0 and 1.73 to Arvoredo and Gales islands, respectively, and the richness index was 6.6 sp.sample-1 for the Rhodolith bed nutriand 20.8 sp.sample-1 for Deserta Island. We think the studied region is a transition area of seaweed flora, for presenting organisms that are typical of both tropical and temperate regions. We suggest the main factors structuring the phytobenthic communities near the islands to be substrate heterogeneity, hydrodynamics, organic effluents and grazing pressure. Minding that this is the only protected area of the category in the south part of Brazil, we stress the importance of protecting other areas of the Brazilian coast, to ensure the protection of seaweed diversity and associated organisms to future generations.Organismos bênticos do infralitoral têm sido historicamente estudados por meio de material proveniente de dragagens, um método considerado ineficiente para o estudo da estrutura de comunidades. Poucos estudos de comunidades foram realizados com o uso de mergulho autônomo no Brasil. Este estudo descreve a estrutura da comunidade fitobêntica da Reserva Marinha do Arvoredo no sul do Brasil, e foi realizado com o uso de mergulho autônomo nas proximidades das três ilhas que estão na área da reserva. As áreas de amostragem foram escolhidas com base no seu nível de proteção ou exposição às ondas e às correntes. O infralitoral da Reserva Marinha do Arvoredo quando comparado aos de outras áreas estudadas na costa brasileira é altamente diverso. Foram identificadas 127 espécies, entre as quais, algumas nunca citadas anteriormente para o sul do Brasil e uma provável nova espécie para a ciência (genêro Callophyllis), que está sendo descrita. Sargassum vulgare foi a espécie dominante em todas as comunidades com 41,5% da biomassa média de todas as ilhas. A diversidade de Shannon variou de 0 a 1,73 na Ilha do Avoredo e Gales, respectivamente, e a riqueza de 6,6 sp.amostra-1 no banco de nódulos calcários a 20,8 sp.amostra-1 na Ilha Deserta. Um banco de nódulo calcário ocorre na área de proteção, aumentando a peculiaridade desta área. Algumas implicações para o manejo do banco, assim como para o manejo da reserva também são discutidas. Conclui-se que a área em estudo representa uma área de transição no que diz respeito à flora macroalgal, possuindo representantes típicos de áreas tropicais e temperadas. A heterogeneidade do substrato, o hidrodinamismo, efluentes orgânicos e pressões de herbivoria, distribuídos de forma diferenciada, são sugeridos como principais fatores responsáveis pela estruturação diferenciada do ficobentos nas ilhas. Considerando que esta é a única área protegida desta categoria no sul do Brasil, destaca-se a importância de outras áreas ao longo da costa brasileira também serem contempladas na categoria de áreas protegidas de uso restrito, de forma a garantir a proteção das algas e da comunidade associada para as gerações futuras

Preventive and Therapeutic Euphol Treatment Attenuates Experimental Colitis in Mice

BACKGROUND: The tetracyclic triterpene euphol is the main constituent found in the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli. This plant is widely known in Brazilian traditional medicine for its use in the treatment of several kinds of cancer, including leukaemia, prostate and breast cancers. Here, we investigated the effect of euphol on experimental models of colitis and the underlying mechanisms involved in its action. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Colitis was induced in mice either with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and the effect of euphol (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) on colonic injury was assessed. Pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by immunohistochemistry, enzyme-Linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Preventive and therapeutic oral administration of euphol attenuated both DSS- and TNBS-induced acute colitis as observed by a significant reduction of the disease activity index (DAI), histological/microscopic damage score and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in colonic tissue. Likewise, euphol treatment also inhibited colon tissue levels and expression of IL-1β, CXCL1/KC, MCP-1, MIP-2, TNF-α and IL-6, while reducing NOS2, VEGF and Ki67 expression in colonic tissue. This action seems to be likely associated with inhibition of activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In addition, euphol decreased LPS-induced MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ, but increased IL-10 secretion from bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Of note, euphol, at the same schedule of treatment, markedly inhibited both selectin (P- and E-selectin) and integrin (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and LFA-1) expression in colonic tissue. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Together, these results clearly demonstrated that orally-administered euphol, both preventive or therapeutic treatment were effective in reducing the severity of colitis in two models of chemically-induced mouse colitis and suggest this plant-derived compound might be a potential molecule in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases

The transition of proembryogenic masses to somatic embryos in Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze is related to the endogenous contents of IAA, ABA and polyamines

In somatic embryogenesis (SE) of conifers, the inability of many embryogenic cell lines to form well-developed somatic embryos may results from failure and constraints during the transition of proembryogenic masses (PEMs) to early somatic embryos. In the present work, we propose the inclusion of a preculture and prematuration steps looking at enhancing PEM III-to-early somatic embryos transition. It was further hypothesized that these results would correlate with the contents of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and polyamines (PA). To test these hypotheses, the embryogenic culture was subjected to preculture with fluridone (FLD) and prematuration treatments with different combinations of carbon source and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The frequency of PEM III was increased after FLD preculture and the contents of IAA and ABA decreased, while the contents of PA increased. Putrescine (Put) was the most abundant PA present at this stage, followed by spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm). In early embryogenesis, prematuration treatments supplemented with maltose or lactose plus PEG enhanced the PEM III-to-early somatic embryos transition. IAA and ABA contents increased at this stage, while a decrease of the total free PA levels was observed. Put was the most abundant PA, followed by Spd and Spm, mainly in the treatment supplemented with PEG. This resulted in a decrease of PA ratio (Put/Spd + Spm) and, hence, PEM III-to-early somatic embryos transition. It was concluded that the preculture with FLD and prematuration treatments promote the PEM III-to-early somatic embryos transition throughout the whole early developmental process in Araucaria angustifolia.This study was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil) and Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa Cientifica e Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC). This study is part of the Ph.D. thesis of the first author

Morphology, ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of Hypnea cervicornis and Hypnea musciformis-(Hypneaceae, Rhodophyta) from the coastal waters of Ceará, Brazil

AbstractBased on their morphological and physiological features, red algae comprise a complex and variable group of multiple genera, including Hypnea. In particular, the genus Hypnea J.V. Lamouroux (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) consists of approximately 54 species, including Hypnea cervicornis and H. musciformis. Lectins were described for both species; however, the localization of these proteins is still unclear. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of Hypnea cervicornis and H. musciformis, as well as localize their lectins at the subcellular level. Samples were collected at Praia do Pacheco (Fortaleza-CE) and processed for light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in addition to immunocytochemistry. The studied species presented cortical cell layers, subcortical cells and medullary cells. Based on ultrastructural analysis, these species presented vacuolated cortical cells, with a dense cytoplasm containing chloroplasts. The cell wall consisted of concentric microfibrils embedded in an amorphous matrix. Immunochemistry analysis showed the expression of lectins in the cytoplasm and cell walls. While the structure of the studied algae was similar to the description of other species of the genera under different conditions, this is the first record of algae lectin localization

Organização estrutural e ultra-estrutural das células vegetativas e da estrutura plurilocular de Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P. C. Silva (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae)

RESUMO O presente estudo tem por objetivo contribuir para o estudo de caracteres sub-celulares que poderão ser utilizados na taxonomia das Phaeophyceae filamentosas, fornecendo dados sobre a estrutura e ultra-estrutura das células vegetativas e do estágio reprodutivo plurilocular de H. mitchelliae. Para tanto, estudos de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão foram realizados. As células vegetativas e reprodutivas de H. mitchelliae são uninucleadas, revestidas por uma parede celulósica, outros polissacarídeos e proteínas. A presença de um núcleo por célula, a organização dos tilacóides nos cloroplastos, formando bandas com três tilacóides, dispostos longitudinalmente ao eixo maior da organela e ausência de tilacóide no pirenóide foram similares a outras Phaeophyceae. H. mitchelliae também exibiu características ultra-estruturais que estão geralmente associadas a outras espécies, de ordens menos avançadas de Phaeophyceae como a presença de um proeminente pirenóide, dictiossomos perinucleares e plasmodesmos. A morfologia e a organização dos cloroplastos, bem como a presença ou ausência de pirenóide são características importantes dentro das Phaeophyceae. A formação de um novo pirenóide, em estágio de diferenciação, foi observada nos cloroplastos das células vegetativas. Ambas as células apresentaram núcleo com um grande nucléolo, sugerindo uma alta atividade metabólica. Muitos corpos osmiofílicos, os fisóides, foram vistos no citoplasma das células vegetativas e reprodutivas. As células da estrutura plurilocular madura de H. mitchelliae diferiram das células vegetativas por apresentar tamanho reduzido, citoplasma denso e desprovidas de vacúolos

Effects of UV-B radiation on germlings of the red macroalga Nemalion helminthoides (Rhodophyta)

AbstractStudies have clearly demonstrated the damaging effects of UV-B exposure on macroalgae, but few have reported the impact of UV-B on spore germination and development at juvenile stages. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the effects of UV-B radiation on germlings of Nemalion helminthoides at the tetrasporophytic phase. To accomplish this, germlings of N. helminthoides were cultivated in the laboratory and separated into two groups. The control group was exposed onlyto photosynthetic radiation, while the treatment group was exposed to photosynthetic radiation + UV-B for 2hours during a period of 12 days. Control germlings showed increasing cellular proliferation and accumulation of reserve substances, as well as intense ramification in the last observed stages between 9 days and 12 days of development. Moreover, the chloroplasts presented a typical globular pyrenoid, profusely traversed by thylakoid membranes. Treated germlings, by contrast, showed intracellular damage, such as cell wall thickness, loss of chloroplast organization, changes in mitochondrial cristae, and increasing atrophy of the Golgi bodies. Additionally, changes in developmental patterns were observed, including loss of polarity in the first divisions of carpospores and abnormal stem ramification. The quantification of autofluorescence data coincided with the ultrastructural changes observed in the chloroplasts of cells exposed to UV-B. It can be concluded that exposure to radiation changed the developmental pattern and morphology of the germlings of N. helminthoides

Seed morphology of Vriesea friburgensis var. paludosa L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae)

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, and bromeliads are omnipresent in this biome. This study was aimed at characterizing both morphological and histochemical aspects of Vriesea friburgensis var. paludosa L.B. Sm. seeds. The seeds are filiform with a brown seed coat and yellowish-colored plumose appendages. Seeds are typically 4.4 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, and 1000 seeds weigh 683.8 mg. The seed coat presents phenolic compounds. Starch represents the main reserve compound in the endosperm; however, it is also present in smaller amounts in the embryo. The embryo occupies one-third of the seed and has a zone of constriction in the hypocotyl-radicle axis. The results of this work will contribute to the overall biology of V. friburgensis var. paludosa , as well as its taxonomic delimitation