Book Review

Reviewing Frank E. Cooper, Living the Law, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 195

Ageing behavior of temperature sensitive leathers

Enhancing fastness properties of thermochromic dyes and pigments provide unique and assertive design opportunities and an innovative approach for leather industry. For this purpose, the ageing behavior of thermochromic pigments (cold and touch activated) used in leather finishing process by the addition of UV absorbent and cross-linker was investigated. The color changing effect of thermochromic leathers was determined spectrophotometrically prior and subsequent to accelerated ageing tests performed under two different conditions (only heat and heat associated with relative humidity). No significant effect of ageing was found on thermochromic leathers. However, a partial decrease was determined for the cold activated leathers and it was prevented by the use of UV absorbent and cross-linker.2007 DPT 001 212M031andThe authors would like to thank to TUBITAK under the project number 212M031and Turkey Prime Ministry State Planning Organization for the supply of equipment (Project no: 2007 DPT 001). In addition, we thank to Stahl Company for the leather finishing products. -

Quantitative determination of enzymatic and chemical dehairing of skins by an electronic force sensor

The dehairing effect of 2 keratinolytic enzyme preparations from liquid cultures of Bacillus cereus IZ-06b and B. cereus IZ-06r and 3 commercial proteolytic enzyme formulations used in leather manufacturing for soaking, dehairing, and bating processes were quantified by a computerized force sensor. Measurements of the force needed to remove individual hairs from skin, showed that the keratinolytic enzymes did loosen hairs from sheepskins. These enzyme preparations may therefore be useful alternatives to present days' beamhouse chemicals, although the traditional dehairing procedure with lime and sulphide still exhibited the strongest effect in hair loosening

Effect of finishing techniques on some physical characteristics of shoe upper leathers

Aniline, pigmented and patent finishing are the common techniques used for the production of shoe upper leathers. These different finishing types applied to shoe upper leathers have affected the physical and functional properties as well as the comfort and visual characteristics of the leathers. To evaluate the effects of different finishing types on physical characteristics of shoe upper leathers, calf and goat leathers were used in the study. The water vapor permeability, air permeability and thermal resistance tests of aniline, pigmented and patent finished leathers were performed prior and after the finishing processes for the determination of comport properties of upper leathers. For the morphological characterization, Table Top Scanning Electron Microscopy (TSEM) was used. The water vapor and air permeability values were found significantly high prior to finishing process, however lower results were determined after the applications. The only statistically significant effect was found for the water vapor permeability, although no significant difference was observed for the other physical test values

Leather as a potential liner for the prosthetic leg users [Le cuir comme doublure potentielle pour les prothèses] [Pielea ca potentiala captuşeala pentru proteze]

Wear comfort and hygiene is responsible for the significant improvement in the life quality of many amputees and in this regard liners have an important role for the prosthetic leg users. They are protective materials used as covers and worn over the residual limb before the socket to prevent the discomfort occurred during the movements of the patients. Liners are made of different synthetic flexible materials and designed with specific features for different suspension systems. Selecting a correct liner depends on the activity level and needs of the users in addition to the suspension system of the prosthetic leg. Although liners ensure wearing comfort to the users, feeling uncomfortable occurs due to perspiration and lack of evaporation. In this context, leather has advantages due to its triple helix collagen fibers and seems to be a perfect alternative natural material to synthetic liners. For this purpose, the production of a leather liner as an alternative to synthetic liners was aimed to perform for the prosthetic leg users. Chromium free leathers were manufactured based on the properties of the synthetic liners found in the market and the physical, mechanical and comfort properties of the liners in terms of water vapor permeability, static water absorption, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, rubbing fastness and thickness were determined. The results revealed that leather could be used as an alternative natural liner for the use of prosthetic legs and has become prominent due to its wear comfort, hygiene and mechanical properties. © 2018 by the author(s). Published by INCDTP-ICPI, Bucharest, RO

Thermal and antimicrobial characterization of olea Europaea leaf reinforced TPU-based bio-composites

34th International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemist Societies Congress, IULTCS 2017 -- 5 February 2017 through 8 February 2017 -- 133186In this study, the use of plant leaf obtained after the harvest as a potential reinforcement material in polymer composites was investigated for the production of footwear sole material. For this purpose, olive (Olea europaea) leaf was used as the reinforcement material for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) based composites. Alkali and silane treatments were applied for modifying the surface of olive leaf to increase the compatibility between the filler and polymer matrix. The preparation of the composites with different filler loadings (10, 20 and 30 wt%) was performed via hot melt extrusion. The bio-composites were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses as well as antimicrobial studies. The antimicrobial activity was tested with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains for the prepared bio-composites. The FT-IR results showed that the olive leaf was incorporated into the polyurethane matrix successfully and partial structural modifications were occurred as a result of the alkali treatments. Although the thermal resistance of composite materials at low temperatures was found slightly lower than the TPU, higher thermal resistance values were obtained at higher temperatures. The obtained bio-composite materials were found to be a good candidate to use as bio based antimicrobial footwear sole material

Ink dyes for leather industry

34th International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemist Societies Congress, IULTCS 2017 -- 5 February 2017 through 8 February 2017 -- -- 133186Dyes and pigments offer significant potential for functional and aesthetic design of leather materials. Search for viable alternative leather colorants, which have the potential to develop new creative designs and provide functionality are presently in focus. In this context application of alternative textile dye substances that can offer special effects to leather have increasingly gained importance. In this study, the potential application of ink dyes in leather industry was investigated as an alternative to conventional dyes for the production of leathers with high fastness properties. For this purpose, leather dyeing recipes were developed by using two different ink dyes including latex and dye based ink dyes and applied at dying process of metis type crust leathers in order to produce high performance leathers. The quality performance of dyed leathers were investigated in terms of colour measurements, to-and-fro and crockmeter rubbing fastness, before and after washing leathers in a washing machine under specified conditions according to ISO 15702 standard. The colour measurements prior and subsequent to washing process were determined with Minolta CM-3600A spectrophotometer. To-and-fro rubbing and crockmeter fastness properties were examined in accordance with TS EN ISO 11640 and ASTM D5053 standards respectively. The results of the study showed that latex and dye based ink dyes could be used as a newly adapted dye group and applied successfully in leather dyeing process for the production of leather goods with high fastness properties

Ink dyes for leather industry

34th International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemist Societies Congress, IULTCS 2017 -- 5 February 2017 through 8 February 2017 -- 133186Dyes and pigments offer significant potential for functional and aesthetic design of leather materials. Search for viable alternative leather colorants, which have the potential to develop new creative designs and provide functionality are presently in focus. In this context application of alternative textile dye substances that can offer special effects to leather have increasingly gained importance. In this study, the potential application of ink dyes in leather industry was investigated as an alternative to conventional dyes for the production of leathers with high fastness properties. For this purpose, leather dyeing recipes were developed by using two different ink dyes including latex and dye based ink dyes and applied at dying process of metis type crust leathers in order to produce high performance leathers. The quality performance of dyed leathers were investigated in terms of colour measurements, to-and-fro and crockmeter rubbing fastness, before and after washing leathers in a washing machine under specified conditions according to ISO 15702 standard. The colour measurements prior and subsequent to washing process were determined with Minolta CM-3600A spectrophotometer. To-and-fro rubbing and crockmeter fastness properties were examined in accordance with TS EN ISO 11640 and ASTM D5053 standards respectively. The results of the study showed that latex and dye based ink dyes could be used as a newly adapted dye group and applied successfully in leather dyeing process for the production of leather goods with high fastness properties