Texture evaluation of whey protein concentrate incorporated ice cream by Back Extrusion technique

Back extrusion technique was employed to evaluated texture properties of partial substituted whey protein concentrate (WPC) with milk solids not fat (1, 2, 3 and 4%) in ice cream formula. There was no remarkable effect of adding WPC on total solids or fat %. Total protein increased, while ash, and lactose content were significantly decreased. Back-extrusion results represented a decrease in hardness values of resultant ice cream, while, during storage, there was a slight increase. Energy input values decreased by increasing substitution levels of WP. Although, energy output inversely correlated with substitution levels of WP it correlated with storage period indicating a strong structure for stored ice cream. Load at target deformation (50%) applied to the samples when fresh and after 14 days storage showing decreased values proportional to increasing substitution levels of WP. The resilience showed decreased ratio indicating more visco-elastic properties in fresh ice cream. The recovered height and deformation increased with increasing substitution levels of WP and storage period. Therefore, more sticking properties were obtained in resultant ice cream. Adhesive force decreased significantly with increasing substitution levels of WP and storage period. Adhesiveness values were significantly higher in all treatments than control. The texture of the ice cream became smoother by replacing milk solid not fat with WPC up to 3%. From the data obtained, it could be recommended that ice cream can be produced with high quality by substituting milk solid not fat with WPC up to 3%

Investigation of Mannose-binding lectin level and deficiency in patients with Dermatophytosis

Background: Dermatophytosis is a cutaneous fungal infection with a worldwide occurrence. In dermatophyte infections, the release of keratinocyte cytokines, in the presence of dermatophyte antigens, causes an acute phase response; subsequently, the acute-phase proteins are produced by hepatocytes. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), an acute-phase protein, also acts as a kind of pattern recognition receptor. MBL deficiency plays a role in susceptible viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. Objectives: Some research has been conducted on the role of acute-phase proteins in dermatophyte infections. This study has been designed to determine the serum MBL levels in patients with dermatophytosis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, included 96 healthy individuals and 105 patients with dermatophytosis, in access sampling procedure. Microscopic examinations were conducted and cultivated to detect dermatophytes, and in the cases that the identification of different dermatophyte species was necessary, complementary examinations were conducted. Additionally, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the serum MBL levels of healthy individuals and patients. Various tests (Chi-square, Fisher exact, Mann - Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, Kendal tau correlation coefficient and ROC curve analysis) were used to examine the relationships between variables, when the P < 0.05 were considered as significant level. Results: The mean serum MBL level of healthy individuals and patients, was 1.53 ± 1.87 μg/mL and 1.97 ± 2.03 μg/mL (P = 0.039), respectively. Using ROC curve analysis, the MBL level was established as a significant predictor of dermatophytosis (P = 0.042). MBL deficiency (serum level < 1 μg/mL) was more common in healthy group (56.2) than the patients with dermatophytosis (41.0). Conclusions: The findings showed that the increased concentrations of serum MBL in patients with dermatophytosis play a role in this fungal infection. The high frequency of MBL deficiency in healthy individuals was compared with patients indicated that MBL deficiency is not a predisposing factor of this type of infection. © 2013, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Published by Kowsar Corp

Thermal Conductivity Tensor in YBa2_2Cu3_3O7−x_{7-x}: Effects of a Planar Magnetic Field

We have measured the thermal conductivity tensor of a twinned YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$ single crystal as a function of angle $\theta$ between the magnetic field applied parallel to the CuO$_2$ planes and the heat current direction, at different magnetic fields and at T=13.8 K. Clear fourfold and twofold variations in the field-angle dependence of $\kappa_{xx}$ and $\kappa_{xy}$ were respectively recorded in accordance with the d-wave pairing symmetry of the order parameter. The oscillation amplitude of the transverse thermal conductivity $\kappa^0_{xy}$ was found to be larger than the longitudinal one $\kappa^0_{xx}$ in the range of magnetic field studied here ($0 T$$\le B \le 9$$T$). From our data we obtain quantities that are free from non-electronic contributions and they allow us a comparison of the experimental results with current models for the quasiparticle transport in the mixed state.Comment: 9 Figures, Phys. Rev. B(in press

Quasiparticle thermal Hall angle and magnetoconductance in YBa_2Cu_3O_x

We present a way to extract the quasiparticle (qp) thermal conductivity Kappa_e and mean-free-path in YBa_2Cu_3O_x, using the thermal Hall effect and the magnetoconductance of Kappa_e. The results are very consistent with heat capacity experiments. Moreover, we find a simple relation between the thermal Hall angle Theta_Q and the H-dependence of Kappa_e, as well as numerical equality between Theta_Q and the electrical Hall angle. The findings also reveal an anomalously anisotropic scattering process in the normal state.Comment: 4 pages in Tex, 5 figures in EPS; replaced on 5/12/99, minor change

Dirac Nodes and Quantized Thermal Hall Effect in the Mixed State of d-wave Superconductors

We consider the vortex state of d-wave superconductors in the clean limit. Within the linearized approximation the quasiparticle bands obtained are found to posess Dirac cone dispersion (band touchings) at special points in the Brillouin zone. They are protected by a symmetry of the linearized Hamiltonian that we call T_Dirac. Moreover, for vortex lattices that posess inversion symmetry, it is shown that there is always a Dirac cone centered at zero energy within the linearized theory. On going beyond the linearized approximation and including the effect of the smaller curvature terms (that break T_Dirac), the Dirac cone dispersions are found to acquire small gaps (0.5 K/Tesla in YBCO) that scale linearly with the applied magnetic field. When the chemical potential for quasiparticles lies within the gap, quantization of the thermal-Hall conductivity is expected at low temperatures i.e. kappa_{xy}/T = n[(pi k_B)^2/(3h)] with the integer `n' taking on values n=+2, -2, 0. This quantization could be seen in low temperature thermal transport measurements of clean d-wave superconductors with good vortex lattices.Comment: (23 pages in all [7 pages in appendices], 9 figures

Ground State Vortex Lattice Structures in d-wave Superconductors

We show in a realistic $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ symmetry gap model for a cuprate superconductor that the clean vortex lattice has discontinuous structural transitions (at and near T=0), as a function of the magnetic field $B$ along the c-axis. The transitions arise from the singular nonlocal and anisotropic susceptibility of the $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ superconductor to the perturbation caused by supercurrents associated with vortices. The susceptibility, due to virtual Dirac quasiparticle-hole excitation, is calculated carefully, and leads to a ground state transition for the triangular lattice from an orientation along one of the crystal axis to one at 45$^o$ to them, i.e, along the gap zero direction. The field scale is seen to be 5 Tesla $\sim (\Delta_{0}/ta)^{2}\Phi_{0}$, where $\Delta_{0}$ is the gap maximum, $t$ is the nearest neighbour hopping, $a$ is the lattice constant, and $\Phi_{0}$ is the flux quantum. At much higher fields ($\sim 28T$) there is a discontinuous transition to a centred square structure. The source of the differences from existing calculations, and experimental observability are discussed, the latter especially in view of the very small (a few degrees $K$ per vortex) differences in the ground state energy.Comment: To be published in Phys. Rev.

Carrier relaxation, pseudogap, and superconducting gap in high-Tc cuprates: A Raman scattering study

We describe results of electronic Raman-scattering experiments in differently doped single crystals of Y-123 and Bi-2212. The comparison of AF insulating and metallic samples suggests that at least the low-energy part of the spectra originates predominantly from excitations of free carriers. We therefore propose an analysis of the data in terms of a memory function approach. Dynamical scattering rates and mass-enhancement factors for the carriers are obtained. In B2g symmetry the Raman data compare well to the results obtained from ordinary and optical transport. For underdoped materials the dc scattering rates in B1g symmetry become temperature independent and considerably larger than in B2g symmetry. This increasing anisotropy is accompanied by a loss of spectral weight in B2g symmetry in the range between the superconducting transition at Tc and a characteristic temperature T* of order room temperature which compares well with the pseudogap temperature found in other experiments. The energy range affected by the pseudogap is doping and temperature independent. The integrated spectral loss is approximately 25% in underdoped samples and becomes much weaker towards higher carrier concentration. In underdoped samples, superconductivity related features in the spectra can be observed only in B2g symmetry. The peak frequencies scale with Tc. We do not find a direct relation between the pseudogap and the superconducting gap.Comment: RevTeX, 21 pages, 24 gif figures. For PostScript with embedded eps figures, see http://www.wmi.badw-muenchen.de/~opel/k2.htm