20 research outputs found
Identification of CFTR variants in Latino patients with cystic fibrosis from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
BackgroundIn cystic fibrosis (CF), the spectrum and frequency of CFTR variants differ by geography and race/ethnicity. CFTR variants in White patients are wellΓ’ described compared with Latino patients. No studies of CFTR variants have been done in patients with CF in the Dominican Republic or Puerto Rico.MethodsCFTR was sequenced in 61 Dominican Republican patients and 21 Puerto Rican patients with CF andΓΒ greater than Γ’ Γ’ Γ’ Γ’ 60Γ’ mmol/L sweat chloride. The spectrum of CFTR variants was identified and the proportion of patients with 0, 1, or 2 CFTR variants identified was determined. The functional effects of identified CFTR variants were investigated using clinical annotation databases and computational prediction tools.ResultsOur study found 10% of Dominican patients had two CFTR variants identified compared with 81% of Puerto Rican patients. No CFTR variants were identified in 69% of Dominican patients and 10% of Puerto Rican patients. In Dominican patients, there were 19 identified CFTR variants, accounting for 25 out of 122 disease alleles (20%). In Puerto Rican patients, there were 16 identified CFTR variants, accounting for 36 out of 42 disease alleles (86%) in Puerto Rican patients. Thirty CFTR variants were identified overall. The most frequent variants for Dominican patients were p.Phe508del andΓΒ p.Ala559Thr and for Puerto Rican patients were p.Phe508del, p.Arg1066Cys, p.Arg334Trp, and p.I507del.ConclusionsIn this first description of the CFTR variants in patients with CF from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, there was a low detection rate of two CFTR variants after full sequencing with the majority of patients from the Dominican Republic without identified variants.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153634/1/ppul24549.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153634/2/ppul24549_am.pd
Native American Ancestry and Air Pollution Interact to Impact Bronchodilator Response in Puerto Rican Children with Asthma.
ObjectiveAsthma is the most common chronic disease in children. Short-acting bronchodilator medications are the most commonly prescribed asthma treatment worldwide, regardless of disease severity. Puerto Rican children display the highest asthma morbidity and mortality of any US population. Alarmingly, Puerto Rican children with asthma display poor bronchodilator drug response (BDR). Reduced BDR may explain, in part, the increased asthma morbidity and mortality observed in Puerto Rican children with asthma. Gene-environment interactions may explain a portion of the heritability of BDR. We aimed to identify gene-environment interactions associated with BDR in Puerto Rican children with asthma.SettingGenetic, environmental, and psycho-social data from the Genes-environments and Admixture in Latino Americans (GALA II) case-control study.ParticipantsOur discovery dataset consisted of 658 Puerto Rican children with asthma; our replication dataset consisted of 514 Mexican American children with asthma.Main outcome measuresWe assessed the association of pairwise interaction models with BDR using ViSEN (Visualization of Statistical Epistasis Networks).ResultsWe identified a non-linear interaction between Native American genetic ancestry and air pollution significantly associated with BDR in Puerto Rican children with asthma. This interaction was robust to adjustment for age and sex but was not significantly associated with BDR in our replication population.ConclusionsDecreased Native American ancestry coupled with increased air pollution exposure was associated with increased BDR in Puerto Rican children with asthma. Our study acknowledges BDR's phenotypic complexity, and emphasizes the importance of integrating social, environmental, and biological data to further our understanding of complex disease
Breastfeeding associated with higher lung function in African American youths with asthma
OBJECTIVE: In the United States, Puerto Ricans and African Americans have lower prevalence of breastfeeding and worse clinical outcomes for asthma compared with other racial/ethnic groups. We hypothesize that the history of breastfeeding is associated with increased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % predicted and reduced asthma exacerbations in Latino and African American youths with asthma.
METHODS: As part of the Genes-environments & Admixture in Latino Americans (GALA II) Study and the Study of African Americans, asthma, Genes & Environments (SAGE II), we conducted case-only analyses in children and adolescents aged 8-21 years with asthma from four different racial/ethnic groups: African Americans (n = 426), Mexican Americans (n = 424), mixed/other Latinos (n = 255), and Puerto Ricans (n = 629). We investigated the association between any breastfeeding in infancy and FEV1% predicted using multivariable linear regression; Poisson regression was used to determine the association between breastfeeding and asthma exacerbations.
RESULTS: Prevalence of breastfeeding was lower in African Americans (59.4%) and Puerto Ricans (54.9%) compared to Mexican Americans (76.2%) and mixed/other Latinos (66.9%; p \u3c 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, breastfeeding was associated with a 3.58% point increase in FEV1% predicted (p = 0.01) and a 21% reduction in asthma exacerbations (p = 0.03) in African Americans only.
CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding was associated with higher FEV1% predicted in asthma and reduced number of asthma exacerbations in African American youths, calling attention to continued support for breastfeedin
Recommended from our members
Genetic Determinants of Telomere Length in African American Youth.
Telomere length (TL) is associated with numerous disease states and is affected by genetic and environmental factors. However, TL has been mostly studied in adult populations of European or Asian ancestry. These studies have identified 34 TL-associated genetic variants recently used as genetic proxies for TL. The generalizability of these associations to pediatric populations and racially diverse populations, specifically of African ancestry, remains unclear. Furthermore, six novel variants associated with TL in a population of European children have been identified but not validated. We measured TL from whole blood samples of 492 healthy African American youth (children and adolescents between 8 and 20 years old) and performed the first genome-wide association study of TL in this population. We were unable to replicate neither the 34 reported genetic associations found in adults nor the six genetic associations found in European children. However, we discovered a novel genome-wide significant association between TL and rs1483898 on chromosome 14. Our results underscore the importance of examining genetic associations with TL in diverse pediatric populations such as African Americans
ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°: ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Abstract:
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ/ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
: ΠΠΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π’Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΠ. Π£ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² 2017-2018 Π³Π³. Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ/Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ; Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈ-ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΊΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ/Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°) Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π-ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π, Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² Π’Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ· ΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ·. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΠΠΠ‘ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ.
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΠΠ Β«Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ»