Production of surfactin from Bacillus subtilis MZ-7 grown on pharmamedia commercial medium

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Financial Development and International Trade inside Asia

This study attempts to document the impact of "Financial development" on international trade between selected Asian economies and rest of the Asian region. Financial development index is used to represent financial development level which includes four dimensions from two perspectives; institutional and market. An "overall financial development index" is calculated by combining institutional and market level financial development indices. Effect of market and institutional dimension is measured separately on international trade of Asian economies with rest of the Asia. Different macro-variables are controlled including GDP per capita, total population, Inward FDI flow, Outward FDI flow and real effective exchange rates for modeling. Sample includes data for twenty years ranging from 1997-2016 for 16 large economies of Asia. Panel data modeling technique "fixed effects regression" is used with two different proxies of dependent variable. "Overall financial development" is found to have positive and significant relationship with international trade. Study confirms the robustness of the results to different measures of international trade. Results from fixed effects model confirm positive and significant relationship between all components of financial development and international trade, and between overall financial development and international trade in Asian economies. Singapore, Japan and South Korea represent highest levels of financial development while other countries showed relatively less development financial development level according to measure used in this study. An important policy implication is if a country wants to grow economically by using instrument of trade policy especially exports improvement, then it has to develop its financial system to efficiently fulfill "international trade finance" needs. Keywords: Financial Development Index, International Trade, Asia DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-11-04 Publication date: April 30th 201

Use of endoscope in teaching of otolaryngology residents about site and size of tympanic membrane perforation and its impact on degree of hearing loss in adult patients: A cross sectional study

Objective: To determine the association between site and size of perforation of the tympanic membrane and the level of conductive hearing.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to October 2016 at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi and comprised patients with tympanic membrane perforation without any other middle-ear disease. Karl-Storz Rigid Endoscope attached to a camera was used to take pictures of the tympanic membrane. Site of the perforation was determined using a vertical line to divide the membrane into two anterior and posterior halves. Size of the perforation was calculated as a percentage of the total membrane using Image J software. Data analysis was done using Stata 12.Results: Of the 55 patients, 29(53%) were males and 26(47%) were females. The overall mean age was 33+/-15 years. With every 5% increase in the size of perforation, the hearing loss increased by 1 decibel. A difference of 5.5 decibels was noted between anterior and posterior perforations of similar size.Conclusion: Hearing loss increased with increase in the size of perforation

A novel HPTLC method for quantitative estimation of biomarkers in polyherbal formulation

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the quantitative estimation of biomarkers gallic acid and berberine in polyherbal formulation Entoban syrup.MethodsHigh performance thin layer chromatography was performed to evaluate the presence of gallic acid and berberine employing toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: methanol 12:9:4:0.5 (v/v/v/v) and ethanol: water: formic acid 90:9:1 (v/v/v), as a mobile phase respectively.ResultsThe Rf values (0.58) for gallic acid and (0.76) for berberine in both sample and reference standard were found comparable under UV light at 273 nm and 366 nm respectively. The high performance thin layer chromatography method developed for quantization was simple, accurate and specific.ConclusionsThe present standardization provides specific and accurate tool to develop qualifications for identity, transparency and reproducibility of biomarkers in Entoban syrup

Exploring the Causal Relationship among Green Taxes, Energy Intensity, and Energy Consumption in Nordic Countries: Dumitrescu and Hurlin Causality Approach

Improving energy efficiency and minimizing environmental concerns through environmen tal laws and green taxes are regarded as the primary motivating factors of climate change policy. This analysis clarifies the significance of green taxes in lowering energy use and intensity from 1994 to 2020. As part of our contribution to the literature on energy economics, this study examines how green taxes interact with energy intensity and consumption in four Nordic nations. Environmental policies and sustainable development goals (SDGs) are driving new research into the effects of green taxes on energy consumption and intensity. According to the outcomes of fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), panel dynamic ordinary least square (PDOLS), and panel quantile regression, a green tax helps to reduce total energy consumption. It increases energy efficiency by motivating governments, companies, and citizens to encourage innovation in environment-related technology. When it comes to creating a more sustainable environment, the study argues that regulations that ensure the displacement of non-renewable resources while increasing energy efficacy should be implemented

Types and clinical presentation of stroke

Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In this study, authors worked on clinical presentation and types of stroke. The two main types of strokes are ischemic and haemorrhagic. Brain infarction is caused by decrease blood flow due to either narrowing of artery or complete obstruction to blood flow owing to embolism. While haemorrhage is caused by rupture of artery or aneurysms leading to accumulation of blood in the brain parenchyma.Methods: Cross sectional study of group of patients in Nishtar hospital Multan, Pakistan who presented with variety of neurological symptoms who were subsequently diagnosed as non-traumatic stroke. All patients were subjected to a detailed history and thorough clinical examination and investigations after obtaining informed consent.Results: Of 122 patient, 66 patients were male and 56 were female. Ischemic stroke was more common: present in 76 patients as compared to 46 patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension was present in 40.9% of ischemic stroke and 27.8% of hemorrhagic strokes. Most of the patients (67.2%) had altered sensorium at presentation followed by hemiplegia in 39.3 % of patients.Conclusions: Prevalence of ischemic strokes is higher than that of haemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension is associated with both types of these strokes. Moreover, hyperglycaemia and high blood pressure are common in early phase of stroke. Vomiting in stroke favors haemorrhagic stroke