Overview of &#223-lactamase incidence on bacterial drug resistance

The bacterial drug resistance is its ability to grow in presence of high concentration of an antibiotic. The massive and often unsuitable use of antibiotic tends to select the resistant mutants that are thendisseminated. The &#223-lactam antibiotics represent an antibiotic family widely used because of their remarkable tolerance by animal organism. This practice generated the resistance from many bacteria in clinical and environmental spaces. One of the main drug resistance mechanism used by bacteria is the production of inactivation enzymes named &#223-lactamases. This mini review attempts to pinpoint the &#223- lactamase incidence on the failure of clinical treatment using &#223-lactam antibiotic anywhere

Schooling opportunities for girls as a stimulus for fertility change in rural Pakistan

This paper tests Caldwell’s mass schooling hypothesis in the context of rural Pakistan. His hypothesis was that the onset of the fertility transition is closely linked to the achievement of “mass formal schooling” of boys and girls. Punjab and Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) were selected for this study because they appear to be on the leading edge of the demographic transition-a transition that has only recently begun-as suggested by rapid recent increases in contraceptive practice. The study covered a range of rural villages or communities with very different socioeconomic and schooling conditions in order to examine the effects of both school access and quality on family-building behavior in Pakistan. The study concludes that gender equity in the schooling environment, as measured by the number of public primary schools for girls in the community or by the ratio of the number of girls’ schools to boys’ schools, has a statistically significant effect on the probability that a woman will express a desire to stop childbearing and, by extension, on the probability that she will operationalize those desires by practicing contraception. Indeed, the achievement of gender equity in primary school access in rural Punjab and NWFP could lead to a 14-15 percentage point rise in contraceptive use in villages where no girls’ public primary school currently exists and an 8 percentage point rise in villages with one primary school for girls. This is entirely supportive of the Caldwell argument that mass schooling is an important determinant of fertility change, particularly when girls are included. It would appear that fertility change will be much more difficult and will come much more slowly when girls are left behind

The Onset of Fertility Transition in Pakistan

In a Comment published in the Autumn 2000 issue of this journal, Mr Ghulam Soomro1 takes issue with our recent article in Population and Development Review.2 Although Mr Soomro is highly critical of our article, we are pleased that he has read the article carefully and made the effort to write an extended comment. We are not prepared, however, to concede the major points in that Comment. Two major points are made by him. First, that marital fertility decline is a small component of the recent fertility decline in Pakistan, which has been mainly due to postponement of entry to first marriage. Second, that the underlying motivation for fertility change in the 1990s has been economic distress, a consequence in part of the structural adjustment programmes instituted in the late 1980s. However, in the first point, Soomro interprets the demographic data from the past three decades incorrectly and, in the second point, he misrepresents our argument

The effect of gender differences in primary school access, type, and quality on the decision to enroll in rural Pakistan

The paper explores the effect of primary school access, type, and quality on the decision to enroll in rural Pakistan using a 1997 survey especially designed for this purpose. A unique contribution of the paper is the construction of gender-specific dimensions of school accessibility and school quality according to school type (i.e., public vs. private). Within the same village, girls and boys often face starkly different options for schooling in terms of distance, type, and quality. Public primary schools are segregated by sex; private schools, whose numbers have grown rapidly in recent years in response to rising demand and the inadequate supply of public schools, are more typically mixed. The decision to enroll in school and the choice of school type are modeled simultaneously using a nested multinomial logit model. Simulations of alternative scenarios in terms of school access (measured as whether or not a primary school is located in the village), type, and quality are used to express our findings. The presence of a public school for girls in the village makes an enormous difference for girls in primary enrollment given parents’ reluctance for girls to travel far from home; for boys this is less of an issue because most villages have at least one public school for boys. We find that the addition of a private school option in a village that already has a public school has little impact on overall enrollment rates but rather leads to a redistribution of enrollment from public to private school. Girls’ enrollment in public primary is particularly responsive to improvements in some aspects of school quality, in particular whether or not the teacher resides in the village. This would suggest that school quality is important not only for retention but also for enrollment

The onset of fertility transition in Pakistan

Recent trends in fertility and contraceptive prevalence indicate that the marital fertility transition in Pakistan, which has been anticipated for three decades, has begun in the 1990s. Before that decade, the total fertility rate had exceeded 6 births per woman for at least three decades, and fewer than 10 percent of married women practiced contraception. The most recent survey data, collected in 1996- 97, show a total fertility rate of 5.3 births per woman and a contraceptive prevalence rate of 24 percent. Underlying this development are macroeconomic trends that have led to widespread economic distress at the household level, and social changes that have diluted the influence of extended kin and resulted in greater husband-wife convergence in reproductive decisionmaking. The more-direct causes of declining fertility are a crystallization of existing desires for smaller families along with a decline in family size desires and a reduction in the social, cultural, and psychic costs of contraception. Improvements in family planning services (their density and quality) have contributed little to the onset of fertility decline but could be decisive in sustaining the decline over the next decade. Other obstacles to contraceptive use, including fear of health side effects and perceptions that husbands are opposed, must also be undermined in order for contraceptive practice to become more widespread and the decline in fertility to continue. Over the long term, progression to replacement-level fertility will require a substantial decline in the demand for children

Microbiological and kinetic detection of gram negative bacilli producing extended-spectrum- β-lactamases (esbl) in emergencies and reanimation units of university hospital center, Yalgadoouedraogo, Burkina Faso

Background: Epidemiology of extended-Spectrum- β-lactamases has become worldwide, and our aim was to establish the prevalence of isolates producer in university hospital center Yalgado OUEDRAOGO particularly in reanimation and emergencies units.Material and methods: Prospective study was drive during July 2009 to march 2012 in order to collect strains resisting to third generation of cephalosporin during diagnosis analysis of biological specimens. Susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases has been investigated by double disc diffusion and kinetic methods.Results: 259 isolates which resisted at least to one of third generation of cephalosporins were collected. Among them 188 (72, 58 %) were positive to synergy test by a double disc diffusion method. The MICs of ceftriaxone determined by E-test were under than 50kg/ml, 100kg/ml et 256kg/ml for respect 81,57°/° ; 55,26°/° et 39,74°/° of isolates. Hydrolyze of β-lactam ring by bacterial extract followed at spectrophotometer showed speeds running at 0 to 0,090UAb.mn-1 for both isolates. Extract of 171 bacterial strains positives to synergy test had hydrolyzed at least one of oxy-iminocephalosporins and were identified as producing extended- spectrum β-lactamases. Spices reported by this study were 99 Escherichia coli (57,89%) ; 28 Klebsisella pneumonia (16,37%) ; 15 Enterobactersp (8,77%) ; 19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11,11%) ; 4 Citrobactersp (2,33%) 2 Acinetobactersp (1,16%), 3 Proteus mirabilis (1,75%) and 1 Salmonella typhi (0,05%).Conclusion: This study showed that bacterial resistances by extended- spectrum β-lactamases are a reality in University Hospital center YalgadoOuedraogo. It calls about antibiotics prescription and hospital hygiene in order to reduce emergence and propagation of new resisting bacterial.Keywords: microbial and kinetic analysis, Gram negative bacilli, extended-Spectrum- β-lactamase, emergencies, reanimatio

Determining the status of chlorinated pesticide residue in some leafy vegetables

A study was carried out to identify the bioaccumulation and the ascertain level of chlorinated pesticide residues in three leafy vegetables viz. red amaranth, spinach and Indian spinach collected from city market. The samples were randomly collected from different shops and analyzed by capillary column of Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) with Electron Impact Ionization (EI) method for the detection of chlorinated pesticide. The results of the study revealed that collected samples of red amaranth and spinach were contaminated with some chlorinated substances. But Indian spinach was free of contamination with organochlorine pesticide

First detection of bla TEM, SHV and CTX-M among Gram negative bacilli exhibiting extended spectrum β- lactamase phenotype isolated at University Hospital Center, Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Resistance to a wide variety of common antimicrobials is observed among clinical strains designed as extended spectrum β-lactmase (ESBL)  producers. They produce enzymatic protein which inactivates efficiently oxyimino cephalosporin and constitutes a serious global health concern that has complicated treatment strategies. Many studies report high prevalence of ESBL producers among Gram negative bacilli. The aim of this work was to identify the presence of TEM, SHV and CTX-M families in thesestrains which were initially screened by phenotypic method. Gram negative bacilli resisting third or four generation cephalosporin were isolated during anti-biogram study. The presence of ESBL positivity was detected using the double disk synergy test. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftriazon for any strain were determined using E-test manufacturing protocol. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for β-lactamase (bla) genes of TEM, SHV and CTX-M family was carried out using designed primers in 171 ESBL isolates producers. Among 259 Gram negative bacilli collected, 171 (66, 02%) exhibited ESBL producers’ profile. Urine samples constitute major source of ESBL producers. The highest prevalence of ESBL was observed in Escherichia coli (75, 50%). Among ESBL isolates producers, gene prevalence of bla-CTX-M (65, 49%) was highest, followed by bla-TEM (25, 73%) and bla-SHV (18, 71%) in the present study. The frequency of ESBL producing strains among clinical isolates has been steadily increased. Continual drug resistance surveillance and molecular characteristics of ESBL isolates are necessary to guide the appropriate and judicious antibiotic use.Key words: Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), double disk synergy test, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, PCR

Anémie et parasitoses (intestinales et urinaires) chez les enfants d’âge scolaire au Burkina Faso: cas des écoles de Yamtenga, Daguilma et Koubri

La présente étude vise principalement à évaluer le statut de l’anémie associé à l’état parasitaire chez des enfants de trois écoles riveraines de retenues d’eaux au Burkina Faso: Daguilma, Koubri et Yamtenga. Il s’agit d’une étude transversale réalisée d’avril 2004 à octobre 2014. L’évaluation de l’anémie a été basée sur la mesure du taux d’hémoglobine à l’aide de l’appareil Hemocue. La caractérisation des parasitoses intestinales a été réalisée en utilisant la méthode de formol éther. La méthode de filtration de Plouvier a été utilisée pour identifier les oeufs de schistosomes. Au total, 363 écoliers dont 182 garçons et 181 filles ont participé à l’étude. La prévalence de l’anémie chez les écoliers à Yamtenga, Koubri et Daguilma est respectivement de 35,83%, 28,33% et 41,46%. Aucune différence significative n’a été notée entre filles et garçons au niveau de chaque site et sur l’ensemble des 3 sites (p= 1). La prévalence globale des parasites intestinaux chez les écoliers est de 75,83%. Pour la schistosomiase urinaire, 5,83% des écoliers sont infectés à Yamtenga, 4,33% à Koubri et 3,06% à Daguilma. La différence est significative entre les garçons (11,67%) et les filles (0,0%) à Yamtenga (p= 0,01). Par contre, à Koubri et à Daguilma, aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les garçons et les filles (p= 0,619 et p= 1, respectivement).Tous les écoliers infectés par les Ankylostomes, Trichocéphales et Ascaris sont anémiés au niveau des trois sites de l’étude. Parmi les 16 écoliers infectés par la schistosomiase urinaire, 11 présentent une anémie. De l’ensemble des résultats de cette étude, il ressort que la prévalence de l’anémie chez les enfants est fortement influencée par les géohelminthes et la schistosomiase urinaire.Mots clés : Anémie, parasite intestinal, schistosome, élève, Burkina Faso

Who Gets Primary Schooling in Pakistan: Inequalities among and within Families

The chances of Pakistani children's entering school and completing the primary level are extremely low even in comparison with the relatively poor situation in other South Asian countries. This paper uses the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey to explore some of the determinants of parents' decisions about their children's schooling, giving particular attention to factors at the household and community levels. The results indicate that inequalities across households provide a major explanation for variations among children in primary schooling levels. Even the basic decisions relating to children's entry into school and completion of the primary level are largely determined by parents' education, particularly that of mothers, and household income. Primary school is not compulsory and even attendance at public school requires substantial monetary outlays. With only a small percentage of school-age children in Pakistan having mothers with any education or parents with sufficient income, the cycle of poverty and unequal opportunity is perpetuated. The accessibility of "appropriate" single-sex schools and the availability of quality schools are important additional factors in children's schooling outcomes, particularly for girls in the rural areas. The findings also portray inequalities among children within the same household. The most striking of these are differences between boys and girls. Also larger numbers of siblings reduce the probability of primary school completion for children in the urban areas and significantly reduce average educational expenditures, suggesting an emerging quality-quantity trade-off between fertility and education. The paper concludes by recommending a substantially increased government commitment to primary education, with particular emphasis on the needs of girls. Expected gains would include greater gender equality, a substantial improvement in human development, and, possibly, a decline in fertility.