Review of bacterial and viral pig diseases in exstensive and intensive breeding

U ovom radu je dat pregled oboljenja svinja bakterijske i virusne etiologije koja mogu da budu prisutna u ekstenzivnom i intenzivnom načinu držanja. Dobro zdravlje svinja je uslov dobre reprodukcije, odnosno rentabilne proizvodnje. Zdravlje zavisi od uslova držanja, nege, ishrane, kontrole i zdravstvene zaštite. Veliki broj bolesti koje su prisutne na farmama svinja industrijskog tipa, moguće je primenom profilaktičkih i terapeutskih mera, kao i pojačanom kontrolom stručnih službi držati pod kontrolom. Odgovarajućom saradnjom vlasnika farmi sa stručnim službama, uz poštovanje i sprovođenje stručnih saznanja, te primenom niza biotehničkih mera i stavljanjem akcenta na preveniranje bolesti svinja, a u cilju promocije dobrog zdravlja svinja, moguće je unaprediti proizvodnju. U ovom preglednom radu dali smo presek oboljenja bakterijske i virusne etilogije koje se srecu na komercijalnim farmama i u ekstenzivnom načinu držanja.This paper is an overview of the bacterial and viral swine diseases. Those diseases can apear in extensive as well as in intensive breeding. Good health is a prerequisite for good pig reproduction, and cost-effective production. Health depends on the conditions of keeping, care, food, health control and health care. A large number of diseases that are present on industrial swine farms, possibly with the application of prophylactic and therapeutic measures, as well as strengthened control of professional services can be kept under control. Appropriate cooperation between farm owners and professional services, respecting and implementing professional knowledge and application of range of biotechnical measures and putting emphasis on preventing disease in order to promote the good health of pigs, it is possible to improve production . In this review paper, we present a cross section of diseases of bacterial and viral etiology encountered on a comercial farm individual type of breeding

Environmental influence of chemical contaminants on farm animals and rodents (review research)

The presence of chemical environmental pollutants (heavy metals) and their influence on health status of farm animals has been study in long period. We monitored the influence of chemical pollutants on rodents leaving on farms. Heavy metals has special danger for leaving systems, which react with organic molecules to change their structures and function. Heavy metals enter the body through respiratory system, digestive system and skin. The results of our many years of research indicate that there is danger of contamination of animal feed with heavy metals and their position in their body of animals, as well as a negative effect on the reproductive capacity of domestic animals. Heavy metal toxicity general leads to the formation of free radicals, inhibiting the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes as well as glutathione oxidation and the formation malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress. Their toxicity stems from the tendency to form covalent bonds with sulfhydryl groups of biomacromolecules or displace certain cofactors, there by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes. Our recommendation for industrial type farms is to reduce the risk of heavy metals. To introduce multilevel monitoring of the quality of raw materials and final products, as well as to apply adequate protectors against the toxic effect of these agents

Evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in wild birds and WNV RNA negativity in mosquitoes of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania, 2016

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic flavivirus whose transmission cycle in nature includes wild birds as amplifying hosts and ornithophilic mosquito vectors. Bridge vectors can transmit WNV to mammal species potentially causing West Nile Fever. Wild bird migration is a mode of WNV introduction into new areas. The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (DDBR) is a major stopover of wild birds migrating between Europe and Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of WNV in the DDBR during the 2016 transmission season in wild birds and mosquitoes. Blood from 68 wild birds (nine different species) trapped at four different locations was analyzed by competitive ELISA and Virus Neutralization Test (VNT), revealing positive results in 8/68 (11.8%) of the wild birds by ELISA of which six samples (three from juvenile birds) were confirmed seropositive by VNT. Mosquitoes (n = 6523, 5 genera) were trapped with CDC Mini Light traps at two locations and in one location resting mosquitoes were caught. The presence of WNV RNA was tested in 134 pools by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). None of the pools was positive for WNV-specific RNA. Based on the obtained results, WNV was circulating in the DDBR during 2016

Galectin-3 deficiency reduces immune-mediated beta cell destruction in vitro

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Galectin-3 deficiency reduces immune-mediated beta cell destruction in vitro

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Potential modulating effect of the Ascaris suum nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) by compounds GSK575594A, diazepam and flumazenil discovered by structure-based virtual screening approach

Parasitic infections are a widespread health problem and research of novel anthelmintic compounds is of the utmost importance. In this study we performed a virtual screening campaign by coupling ligand-based pharmacophore, homology modeling and molecular docking. The virtual screening campaign was conducted using a joined pool of the Drugbank database and a library of purchasable compounds in order to identify drug like compounds with similar pharmacological activity. Our aim was to identify compounds with a potential antihelmintic modulatory effect on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). We derived a 3D pharmacophore model based on the chemical features of known Ascaris suum nAChR modulators. To evaluate the in silico predictions, we tested selected hit compounds in contraction assays using somatic muscle flaps of the Ascaris suum neuromuscular tissue. We tested the modulatory effects of GSK575594A, diazepam and flumazenil hit compounds on nematode contractions induced by acetyl choline (ACh). The compound GSK575594A (3 μM) increased the Emax by 21 % with the EC50 dose ratio of 0.96. Diazepam (100 μM) decreased the Emax by 15 % (1.11 g to 0.95 g) with the EC50 ratio of 1.42 (shifted to the left from 11.25 to 7.93). Flumazenil decreased the EC50 value (from 11.22 μM to 4.88 μM) value showing dose ratio of 2.30, and increased the Emax by 4 % (from 1.54 g to 1.59 g). The observed biological activity was rationalized by molecular docking calculations. Docking scores were calculated against several binding sites within the Ascaris suum homology model. We constructed the homology model using the ACR-16 subunit sequence. The compound GSK575594A showed strong affinity for the intersubunit allosteric binding site within the nAChR transmembrane domain. The binding modes of diazepam and flumazenil suggest that these compounds have a comparable affinity for orthosteric and allosteric nAChR binding sites. The selected hit compounds displayed potential for further optimization as lead compounds. Therefore, such compounds may be useful in neutralizing the growing resistance of parasites to drugs, either alone or in combination with existing conventional anthelmintics

Determination of Macroelement Parameters in Different Productive Stages of Simmental Cows

The results of inorganic blood parameters are presented in the periparturient period and during lactation of Simmental dairy cows. Serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus in blood of dairy cows in puerperium were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to the values in the blood of dairy cows in advanced pregnancy and during peak of lactation, probably indicating the increased use of these macro-elements by the Simmental cows mammary gland at the early stages of lactation. When the cows were in the periparturient period serum magnesium levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to the values of dairy cows during their maximal lactation probably indicating the increased use of magnesium by the Simmental dairy cow during the periparturient period

Investigation of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antibodies in clinically healthy boars from Serbian commercial farms

The aim of the present study was to determine the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) prevalence in boars in 3 farms in Serbia and their possible relation with alterations of reproductive parameters and blood biochemical parameters [total protein, urea, creatinine and aspartate transaminase levels (AST)]. The prevalence of (PCV2) was evaluated by the presence of specific antibodies. An ELISA assay was used for the detection of PCV2 antibodies in 58 boars' blood sera from Serbian commercial farms, among which 48 were from and reared in the Serbian farms, and 10 were imported from different European Union (EU) countries. Anti PCV2 IgM and/or IgG were detected in sera of 51 (87.93%) boars. Based on the type of antibodies (IgM and IgG PCV2 antibodies), it was concluded that chronic PCV2 infection was the predominant type in tested boars. The imported boars did not have an active infection titer. Biochemical tests in blood didn't show significant differences between PCV2 positive and negative boars. The recorded high prevalence of PCV2 antibodies among boars indirectly proved that PCV2 has been wide spread in the examined farms. Significant difference in the frequency of active, recent and chronic PCV2 infection in boars was found among three farms (p lt 0.05). Imported boars did not show significant difference in terms of active, recent or chronic PCV2 infection in comparison with boars deriving from Serbian farms (p > 0.05). Among boars of three different breeds (Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire), a significantly higher prevalence of PCV2 antibodies was revealed in Landrace boars (p=0.003). Reproductive parameters of sows that were inseminated with PCV2 positive or negative boars' semen, showed similar farrowing rate, as well as percentage of live and stillborn piglets, thus indicating that the observed chronic PCV2 infection did not affect significantly the breeding capability of boars

Galectin-3 Deficiency Accelerates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Amplifies Inflammation in Adipose Tissue and Pancreatic Islets

Obesity-induced diabetes is associated with low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue and macrophage infiltration of islets. We show that ablation of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a galactoside-binding lectin, accelerates high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes. Obese LGALS3(-/-) mice have increased body weight, amount of total visceral adipose tissue (VAT), fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and markers of systemic inflammation compared with diet-matched wild-type (WT) animals. VAT of obese LGALS3(-/-) mice exhibited increased incidence of type 1 T and NKT lymphocytes and proinflammatory CD11c(+)CD11b(+) macrophages and decreased CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages. Pronounced mononuclear cell infiltrate, increased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in macrophages, and increased accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and receptor for AGE (RAGE) expression were present in pancreatic islets of obese LGALS3(-/-) animals accompanied with elevated phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) p65 and mature caspase-1 protein expression in pancreatic tissue and VAT. In vitro stimulation of LGALS3(-/-) peritoneal macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and saturated fatty acid palmitate caused increased caspase-l-dependent IL-1 beta production and increased phosphorylation of NF-kappa B p65 compared with WT cells. Transfection of LGALS3(-/-) macrophages with NLRP3 small interfering RNA attenuated production in response to palmitate and LPS plus palmitate. Obtained results suggest important protective roles for Gal-3 in obesity-induced inflammation and diabetes.Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological Development [175071, 175069