Estoque de carbono e quantificação de substâncias húmicas em Latossolo submetido a aplicação contínua de lodo de esgoto Organic carbon stock and quantification of humic substances of an oxisol under continuous sewage sludge application

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação contínua de doses de lodo de esgoto oriundo da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Barueri, SP, sobre os teores e estoques de C e sobre as alterações na distribuição de substâncias húmicas em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O experimento foi instalado em 1999, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, em Jaguariúna-SP; os dados foram obtidos após a sexta aplicação de lodo e cultivo sucessivo de milho. Foram utilizadas, nas diferentes parcelas experimentais, as seguintes doses acumuladas de lodo de esgoto (base seca): 0, 30, 60, 120 e 240 Mg ha-1, sendo estudados os tratamentos: (L0) testemunha sem adição de lodo; e aplicação de lodo de esgoto visando fornecer uma (L1), duas (L2), quatro (L4) e oito (L8) vezes a dose de N requerida pelo milho. Foram avaliados os teores e o estoque de C orgânico nas camadas de solo de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm. Os teores de C associados às substâncias húmicas foram avaliados na camada de solo de 0-10 cm. O teor e o estoque de C orgânico aumentaram com o acréscimo nas doses de lodo de esgoto aplicadas, até a camada de solo de 0-20 cm. A maior parte (50-66 %) do C associado às substâncias húmicas está presente no solo na forma de humina, seguido por C-fração ácidos fúlvicos e C-fração ácidos húmicos, nesta ordem. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto implica maior acúmulo de substâncias húmicas no solo, mas as proporções de C-humificado da matéria orgânica não são alteradas.<br>This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of continuous sewage sludge applications (Sewage Treatment Station of Barueri, São Paulo State, Brazil) on the C content and stock and on the distribution of C-humic fractions of a Red Latosol (Oxisol). The experiment was installed in 1999 on an experimental field of Embrapa Environment, in Juaguariúna (SP). The data were collected after the sixth sludge application (SS) with corn cultivation. The following accumulated SS doses (dry base) were tested: 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 Mg ha-1 and the treatments were: control without SS addition(L0); SS application to supply one (L1), two (L2), four (L4) and eight (L8) times the N corn requirement. Carbon contents and stocks were evaluated in the soil layers 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, and the C associated to humic substances 0-10 cm deep. As the SS applications increased, the C content and stock rose in the 0-20 cm soil layer. Most soil C (50-66 %) is associated to the humin pool, followed by fulvic acid fraction-C and then humic acid fraction-C. Sewage sludge applications result in higher contents of C-humic substances in soil, though the proportion of mineralized C in soil humus remained unchanged

Metabolic syndrome is associated with similar long-term prognosis in non-obese and obese patients. An analysis of 45 615 patients from the nationwide LIPIDOGRAM 2004-2015 cohort studies

Aims We aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and long-term all-cause mortality. Methods The LIPIDOGRAM studies were carried out in the primary care in Poland in 2004, 2006 and 2015. MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. The cohort was divided into four groups: non-obese patients without MetS, obese patients without MetS, non-obese patients with MetS and obese patients with MetS. Differences in all-cause mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results 45,615 participants were enrolled (mean age 56.3, standard deviation: 11.8 years; 61.7% female). MetS was diagnosed in 14,202 (31%) by NCEP/ATP III criteria, and 17,216 (37.7%) by JIS criteria. Follow-up was available for 44,620 (97.8%, median duration 15.3 years) patients. MetS was associated with increased mortality risk among the obese (hazard ratio, HR: 1.88 [95% CI, 1.79-1.99] and HR: 1.93 [95% CI 1.82-2.04], according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria, respectively) and non-obese individuals (HR: 2.11 [95% CI 1.85-2.40] and 1.7 [95% CI, 1.56-1.85] according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria respectively). Obese patients without MetS had a higher mortality risk than non-obese patients without MetS (HR: 1.16 [95% CI 1.10-1.23] and HR: 1.22 [95%CI 1.15-1.30], respectively in subgroups with NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria applied). Conclusions MetS is associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in non-obese and obese patients. In patients without MetS obesity remains significantly associated with mortality. The concept of metabolically healthy obesity should be revised