Vitamin A and marbling attributes: Intramuscular fat hyperplasia effects in cattle

© 2017 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Twenty Angus steers were fed a diet low in β-carotene and vitamin A for 10 months. Ten steers were supplemented with vitamin A weekly, while the other ten steers did not receive any additional vitamin A. The results demonstrated that the restriction of vitamin A intake increased intramuscular fat (IMF) by 46%. This was a function of the total number of marbling flecks increasing by 22% and the average marbling fleck size increasing by 14%. Vitamin A restriction resulted in marbling flecks that were less branched (22%) and slightly more round (4%) with an increased minor axis length (7%). However, restricting vitamin A did not affect the size of the intramuscular or subcutaneous adipocyte cells or the subcutaneous fat depth. The results suggest that vitamin A affects the amount of marbling and other attributes of the marbling flecks due to hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy. This may explain why vitamin A restriction specifically affects IMF rather than subcutaneous fat deposition

Late percutaneous coronary intervention for an occluded infarct-related artery in patients with preserved infarct zone viability: A pooled analysis of cardiovascular magnetic resonance studies

Background: The results of clinical trials assessing the effect of late opening of infarct-related artery (IRA) on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and size in stable patients are equivocal, which may be related to the fact that the presence of viability was not a requirement for randomization in these trials. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of late percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with optimal medical therapy (OMT) vs. OMT alone on cardiac function and remodeling in patients presenting infarct zone with preserved viability on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR).Methods: The analysis included pooled data of 43 patients from 3 randomized studies. All patients underwent CMR before randomization, but only in 1 previously unpublished study was preserved viability required for randomization to treatment. Follow-up CMR was performed after 6–12 months.Results: Late PCI with OMT led to improved LVEF (+5 ± 7% vs. –1 ± 6%, p = 0.005), decreased left ventricular end-systolic volume (–11 ± 19 mL vs. 12 ± 40 mL, p = 0.02) and a trend towards a decrease in end-diastolic volume (–7 ± 27 mL vs. 15 ± 47 mL, p = 0.07) in comparison to OMT alone. Increased LVEF and decreased left ventricular volumes were observed after the analysis was restricted to patients with left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion.Conclusions: In patients with the presence of infarct zone viability, OMT with late PCI for an occluded IRA (particularly LAD) is associated with improvement of left ventricular systolic function and size over OMT alone

Maternal and paternal genomes differentially affect myofibre characteristics and muscle weights of bovine fetuses at midgestation

Postnatal myofibre characteristics and muscle mass are largely determined during fetal development and may be significantly affected by epigenetic parent-of-origin effects. However, data on such effects in prenatal muscle development that could help understand unexplained variation in postnatal muscle traits are lacking. In a bovine model we studied effects of distinct maternal and paternal genomes, fetal sex, and non-genetic maternal effects on fetal myofibre characteristics and muscle mass. Data from 73 fetuses (Day153, 54% term) of four genetic groups with purebred and reciprocal cross Angus and Brahman genetics were analyzed using general linear models. Parental genomes explained the greatest proportion of variation in myofibre size of Musculus semitendinosus (80–96%) and in absolute and relative weights of M. supraspinatus, M. longissimus dorsi, M. quadriceps femoris and M. semimembranosus (82–89% and 56–93%, respectively). Paternal genome in interaction with maternal genome (P<0.05) explained most genetic variation in cross sectional area (CSA) of fast myotubes (68%), while maternal genome alone explained most genetic variation in CSA of fast myofibres (93%, P<0.01). Furthermore, maternal genome independently (M. semimembranosus, 88%, P<0.0001) or in combination (M. supraspinatus, 82%; M. longissimus dorsi, 93%; M. quadriceps femoris, 86%) with nested maternal weight effect (5–6%, P<0.05), was the predominant source of variation for absolute muscle weights. Effects of paternal genome on muscle mass decreased from thoracic to pelvic limb and accounted for all (M. supraspinatus, 97%, P<0.0001) or most (M. longissimus dorsi, 69%, P<0.0001; M. quadriceps femoris, 54%, P<0.001) genetic variation in relative weights. An interaction between maternal and paternal genomes (P<0.01) and effects of maternal weight (P<0.05) on expression of H19, a master regulator of an imprinted gene network, and negative correlations between H19 expression and fetal muscle mass (P<0.001), suggested imprinted genes and miRNA interference as mechanisms for differential effects of maternal and paternal genomes on fetal muscle.Ruidong Xiang, Mani Ghanipoor-Samami, William H. Johns, Tanja Eindorf, David L. Rutley, Zbigniew A. Kruk, Carolyn J. Fitzsimmons, Dana A. Thomsen, Claire T. Roberts, Brian M. Burns, Gail I. Anderson, Paul L. Greenwood, Stefan Hiendlede

Combined Effects of High Pressure Processing and Addition of Soy Sauce and Olive Oil on Safety and Quality Characteristics of Chicken Breast Meat

This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of high pressure (HP) with the addition of soy sauce and/or olive oil on the quality and safety of chicken breast meats. Samples were cut into 100 g pieces and 10% (w/w) of soy sauce (SS), 10% (w/w) of olive oil (OO), and a mixture of both 5% of soy sauce and 5% olive oil (w/w) (SO) were pressurized into meat with high pressure at 300 or 600 MPa. Cooking loss was lower in OO samples than SS samples. With increased pressure to 600 MPa, the oleic acid content of OO samples increased. The total unsaturated fatty acids were the highest in SO and OO 600 MPa samples. Lipid oxidation was retarded by addition of olive oil combined with HP. The addition of olive oil and soy sauce followed by HP decreased the amount of volatile basic nitrogen during storage and reduced the population of pathogens. Sensory evaluation indicated that the addition of olive oil enhanced the overall acceptance and willingness to buy. In conclusion, the combination of HP with the addition of soy sauce and/or olive oil is an effective technology that can improve chemical, health, sensory qualities and safety of chicken breast

Specific effects of maternal genomes, paternal genomes and fetal sex on fetal absolute muscle weights at midgestation.

<p>Least square means with standard errors of means are shown and <i>P</i>-values for significant differences (<i>t</i>-test) between means for <i>M. supraspinatus</i> (<b>A</b>), <i>M. longissimus dorsi</i> (<b>B</b>), <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> (<b>C</b>), <i>M. semimembranosus</i> (<b>D</b>) and combined muscle weight (sum of weights of dissected muscles) (<b>E</b>) are indicated. ND: Not determined because of significant nested effect of final maternal weight (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053402#pone-0053402-g005" target="_blank"><b>Figure 5</b></a>). Bt: <i>Bos taurus taurus</i>, Angus. Bi: <i>Bos taurus indicus</i>, Brahman.</p

Relative contributions of parental genomes, fetal sex and non-genetic maternal effects to explained variation in fetal myofibre characteristics, absolute and relative muscle weights, and <i>H19</i> transcript abundance.

<p>Myofibre characteristics were determined in <i>M. semitendinosus.</i> Maternal and paternal genome, fetal sex and other significant effects were retained in the final general linear models as presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053402#pone-0053402-t001" target="_blank"><b>Table 1</b></a>. Non-genetic maternal effect: Final maternal weight at mid-gestation. CSA: Cross-sectional area. Total cell: All myofibres measured regardless of cell type. Combined muscle weights: Sum of <i>M. supraspinatus, M. longissimus dorsi</i>, <i>M. semimembranosus</i> and <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> weight. Relative muscle weight: Absolute muscle weight divided by decapitated and eviscerated fetal carcass weight.</p

Effects of interaction of maternal and paternal genomes, fetal sex and final maternal weight nested within maternal genetics on <i>H19</i> transcript abundance in fetal <i>M. semitendinosus</i> at midgestation.

<p>Least square means with standard error of means and <i>P</i>-values for significant differences (<i>t</i>-test) between means (<b>A</b>) and significant regressions of final maternal weight nested within Bt and Bi maternal genomes (<b>B</b>) are shown. Bt: <i>Bos taurus taurus</i>, Angus. Bi: <i>Bos taurus indicus</i>, Brahman.</p

Relative contributions of maternal and paternal genome to genetic variation in fetal myofibre characteristics, absolute and relative muscle weights, and <i>H19</i> transcript abundance.

<p>Myofibre characteristics were determined in <i>M. semitendinosus.</i> CSA: Cross-sectional area. Total cell: All myofibres measured regardless of cell type. Combined muscle weights: Sum of <i>M. supraspinatus, M. longissimus dorsi</i>, <i>M. semimembranosus</i> and <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> weight. Relative muscle weight: Absolute muscle weight divided by decapitated and eviscerated fetal carcass weight.</p