72 research outputs found
Microkelvin thermometry with Bose-Einstein condensates of magnons and applications to studies of the AB interface in superfluid He
Coherent precession of trapped Bose-Einstein condensates of magnons is a
sensitive probe for magnetic relaxation processes in superfluid 3He-B down to
the lowest achievable temperatures. We use the dependence of the relaxation
rate on the density of thermal quasiparticles to implement thermometry in 3He-B
at temperatures below 300 K. Unlike popular vibrating wire or quartz
tuning fork based thermometers, magnon condensates allow for contactless
temperature measurement and make possible an independent in situ determination
of the residual zero-temperature relaxation provided by the radiation damping.
We use this magnon-condensate-based thermometry to study the thermal impedance
of the interface between A and B phases of superfluid 3He. The magnon
condensate is also a sensitive probe of the orbital order-parameter texture.
This has allowed us to observe for the first time the non-thermal signature of
the annihilation of two AB interfaces.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, manuscript prepared for EU Microkelvin
Collaboration Workshop 2013. Accepted for publication in Journal of Low
Temperature Physic
Quasiparticle transport in a two-dimensional boundary superfluid
The B phase of superfluid 3He can be cooled into the "pure" superfluid
regime, characterised by negligible thermal quasiparticle density. Here, the
bulk superfluid is bounded by a two-dimensional quantum well at the boundaries
of the container, where creating quasiparticles requires much less energy. In
this Article, we carry out experiments where we create a non-equilibrium state
within the quantum well and show that the induced quasiparticle currents flow
diffusively in the two-dimensional system. We conclude that the bulk of
superfluid 3He is wrapped by an independent two-dimensional superfluid that
interacts with mechanical probes instead of the bulk superfluid, only providing
access to the bulk superfluid if given a sudden burst of energy. That is,
superfluid 3He at the lowest temperatures and applied energies is
thermo-mechanically two dimensional. Our work opens this two-dimensional
quantum condensate and the interface it forms between the observer and the bulk
superfluid for exploration, and provides the possibility of creating
two-dimensional condensates of arbitrary topology.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure
Apoptosis in the liver of male <em>db/db</em> mice during the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are known to lead to the development of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanisms of programmed cell death are actively involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis along development of NAFLD. Proteins of the BCL-2 family are key regulators of physiological and pathological apoptosis. Homozygous males of BKS.Cg-Dock7mLeprdb/+/+/J mice (db/db mice) are characterized by progressive obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) with severe hyperglycemia at 4β8 weeks and organ lesions at 8β10 weeks of age. The aim of this research was to study the expression of molecular cell regulators of apoptosis in liver cells of db/db mice males at different stages of obesity and diabetes development (at the age of 10 and 18 weeks). Immunohistochemical analysis (using the indirect avidin-biotin peroxidase method) and morphometric evaluation of the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic protein Bad in liver cells of studied animals at different stages of obesity and DM2 were carried out. An excess of the value of the Bcl-2 protein staining area over the Bad protein staining area was revealed in the liver of 10-week-old animals. The Bcl-2/Bad expression area ratio in 10-week-old animals was twice as high as in 18-week-old animals, which indicates the presence of conditions for blocking apoptosis in the liver of younger db/db mice. At the 18th week of life, db/db mice displayed an almost threefold increase in the expression area of the Bad protein against the background of an unchanged expression of the Bcl-2 protein. The decrease in the Bcl-2/Bad staining area ratio in 18-week-old animals was due to the increase in the Bad expression area, which indicates the absence of antiapoptotic cell protection and creates conditions for activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the liver of male db/db mice with pronounced signs of obesity and DM2
ΠΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Introduction. The growth in the volume of information transmitted through communication channels leads to their significant congestion. Almost all methods conventionally used to increase the data transfer rate in given frequency bands have been exhausted. In this regard, it is of interest to use new approaches aimed at improving the spectral efficiency of radio engineering and telecommunication systems by applying optimal signals that make it possible to use the bandwidth reserves of transmission channels given by Shannon's theory.Aim. Improvement of the spectral efficiency of digital messaging systems by using signals with a compact spectrum and increased volume of the channel alphabet at the same time as minimizing energy losses.Materials and methods. When searching for optimal signals, the mathematical apparatus of communication theory and functional analysis, as well as the methods of calculus of variations, were used. The evaluation of bit error rate performance of the obtained optimal signals transmitted in a channel with additive white Gaussian noise was performed in the MatLab environment. Results. It was established that, in a channel with additive white Gaussian noise, optimal signals with a signal constellation size of 64 in the case of quadrature amplitude-phase modulation provide an energy gain of more than 1 dB relative to signals obtained by narrowband filtering under the conditions of uncontrolled intersymbol interference. Optimal signals were shown to provide for an energy gain of 4.9 dB with respect to signals based on narrow-band filtering at a fixed spectral efficiency of 7 (bit/s)/Hz.Conclusion. The paper proposes a method for improving the spectral efficiency of quadrature signals with amplitudephase modulation, based on the use of optimal pulse shapes obtained as a result of solving an optimization problem. The optimization problem was solved according to the criterion of minimizing out-of-band emissions with the constraint on bit error rate performance in case of amplitude-phase modulation. The energy and spectral efficiency of signals with optimal pulse shapes and signals based on narrow-band filtering were compared.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π¨Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅ Ρ Π°Π΄Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ MatLab.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅ Ρ Π°Π΄Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΡ 64 Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 1 Π΄Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ 4.9 Π΄Π ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ 7 (Π±ΠΈΡ/Ρ)/ΠΡ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins Bcl-2 and Bad in liver cells of C57Bl/6 mice under light-induced functional pinealectomy and after correction with melatonin
The presence of humans and animals under long-term continuous lighting leads to a suppression of melatonin synthesis, that is, to light-induced functional pinealectomy (LIFP), and the development of desynchronosis. To create LIFP, C57Bl/6 mice were kept under 24-hour lighting (24hL) for 14 days. The animals in the control group were kept under standard lighting conditions. In the next series of experiments, mice with LIFP received daily intragastrically either melatonin (1 mg/kg body weight in 200 ΞΌl of distilled water) or 200 ΞΌl of water as a placebo. The comparison group consisted of intact animals that received placebo under standard lighting conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis (using an indirect avidin-biotin peroxidase method) revealed the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic protein Bad in sinusoid liver cells (a heterogeneous population consisting of the endotheliocytes, Kupffer cells, Ito cells, and Pit cells) and in individual hepatocytes. The Bad expression area in the liver of LIFP mice increased 4 times against a background of the unchanged Bcl-2 expression area. Changes in the brightness (a parameter inversely proportional to the marker concentration) of Bad and Bcl-2 areas did not reach significance. Our results indicate a weakening of the antiapoptotic protection of liver cells of LIFP animals, which creates conditions for activation of the βmitochondrial branchβ of apoptosis. Melatonin treatment of LIFP mice resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in Bcl-2 expression area and a 2.7 % decrease in Bcl-2 region brightness compared with the experimental untreated group. Bad protein parameters were unreliable. Thus, melatonin treatment of animals cancels the effect of LIFP, restoring the Bcl-2 expression area and increasing this protein concentration, which indicates an increase in antiapoptotic protection and creates conditions for blocking the development of the βmitochondrial branchβ of apoptosis in liver cells
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Introduction. Spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM) is a promising technology for improving spectral efficiency. Since SEFDM signals transmitted on subcarriers are not orthogonal, interchannel interference occurs due to the mutual influence of signals transmitted on adjacent subcarriers. Algorithms for receiving SEFDM signals can be distinguished into element-by-element coherent detection and maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE). The former method, although being simpler, is characterized by a low bit error rate performance. The latter method, although providing for a higher energy efficiency, is more complicated and does not allow high absolute message rates.Aim. To consider a trade-off solution to the problem of coherent detection of SEFDM signals under the condition of significant interchannel interference, namely, the use of an iterative algorithm of element-by-element processing with decision feedback at each subcarrier frequency.Materials and methods. Analytical expressions for the operation of a demodulator solver were derived. A simulation model for transmission of SEFDM signals was built in the MatLab environment, including element-by-element detection with decision feedback.Results. The simulation results confirmed the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. For error probabilities p =102β¦103, the energy gains reach values from 0.2 to 7.5 dB for different values of the non-orthogonal subcarrier spacing. At the same time, the efficiency of the detection algorithm with decision feedback turns out to be significantly lower than that when using the detection algorithm MLSE.Conclusion. The proposed detection algorithm can be used in future generations of mobile communications, which require high transmission rates. By reducing the computational complexity of the algorithm, it is possible to provide for a lower power consumption of mobile devices.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (Spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing β SEFDM) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° SEFDMΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° 2 ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°: ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° SEFDM-ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ SEFDM-ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ MatLab.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ p =102β¦103 ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ 0.2β¦7.5 Π΄Π Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hippocampal and striatal neurometabolites inΒ experimental PTSD rat modeling
The spectrum of the metabolites in the dorsal region of the hippocampus and striatum was studied using the method of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at experimental modeling of the posttraumatic stress disorder syndrome (PTSD) in rats. PTSD was reproduced by exposure of the cat cue to rats daily along 10 day by 10 minutes at once. The anxiety level of animals was estimated 12 days later after the end of the experimental series of stress. Based on the anxiety index, the rats were divided into 3 phenotypes. The animals with an anxiety index > 0.8 (group 1) had lower plasma corticosterone compared with rats form the control group. In animals with an anxiety index in the range 0.7β0.8 (group 2), an elevated corticosterone level was noted. The rats with an anxiety index < 0.7 (group 3) had a lower plasma corticosterone level compared with animals from the control group. Rats of group 2 were characterized by an increased level of GABA in the hippocampus compared with controls. In the remaining groups, the percentages of GABA in the hippocampus and striatum did not differ significantly from the control. The distribution of NAA differed form that of GABA. The highest level of NAA was found in the striatum for rats from group 1, whereas NAA in animals form groups 1 or 3 did not differ from the control. The NAA level in the hippocampus was similar between all groups, including the control. The results obtained indicate that multiple exposures to psychological stress associated with the sense of proximity of a natural enemy in some animals cause an anxiolyticΒ reaction. These animals are characterized by a stable corticosterone level and a stable level of neurometabolites in the studied structures of the brain. For rats with the highest level of anxiety, a lowered level of corticosterone with a constant level of neurometabolites in the hippocampus and striatum is characteristic. And only in rats with an intermediate level of anxiety, synchronization was observed between the increase in plasma corticosterone and the increase in hippocampal GABA content. The results obtained are in good agreement with the ideas of the protective action of glucocorticoids under PTSD manifested inΒ restraining violations of the psycho-physiological status. The mate rials allow the neurobiological mechanisms of the protective action of glucocorticoids to be detailed
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