Especies de peces con potencial como bioindicadoras de genotoxicidad en el lago La Alberca, Michoacán, México

The presence of spontaneous micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes from 10 fish species in Lake La Alberca, Michoacan (Mexico), was evaluated as a possible biological indicator of genotoxic agents. The peripheral blood samples from each of 56 fishes were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy (100X) to determine frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (EMN) in 10,000 cells, and polychromatic erythrocytes in 1,000 cells (EPC). The cytoplasm-nucleus ratio in erythrocytes (RC/N) also was calculated. The sampled species and their results were: Xenotoca melanosoma (3.7±1.6 EMN, 29.5±15 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N), Oreochromis aureus (2.0±1.0 EMN, 21.0±14 EPC, 2.6:1 RC/N), Chirostoma consocium (1.5±0.7 EMN, 19.8±14 EPC, 1.4:1 RC/N), Chirostoma lucius (1.2±1.3 EMN, 34.2±19 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N), Lepomis macrochirus (1.2±1.6 EMN, 10.3±19 EPC, 2.2:1 RC/N), Alloophorus robustus (1.0±1.5 EMN, 31.1±23 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis (0.8±1.2 EMN, 23.8±6.3 EPC, 1.6:1 RC/N), Chapalichthys encaustus (0.7±1.0 EMN, 44.6±28 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Poeciliopsis infans (0.7±0.8 EMN, 12.4±4.4 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N) and Goodea atripinnis (0.6±1.1 EMN, 11.7±5.7 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N). The frequency of spontaneous EMN found in Xenotoca melanosoma and Oreochromis aureus suggests that these species can be considered as potential biological indicators of genotoxic agents.Se evaluó la presencia espontánea de micronúcleos en sangre periférica de 10 especies de peces que habitan el lago La Alberca, Michoacán (México), para proponerlas como posibles bioindicadoras de agentes genotóxicos. Se colectaron muestras de sangre periférica de 56 organismos de 10 especies diferentes las cuales se analizaron con microscopía de fluorescencia (100X) para registrar: la cantidad de eritrocitos micronucleados (EMN) espontáneos en 10,000 eritrocitos, la proporción de eritrocitos policromáticos (EPC) en 1,000 eritrocitos y la relación citoplasmanúcleo (RC/N) de los eritrocitos. Las especies muestreadas fueron: Xenotoca melanosoma (3.7±1.6 EMN, 29.5±15 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N), Oreochromis aureus (2.0±1.0 EMN, 21.0±14 EPC, 2.6:1 RC/N), Chirostoma consocium (1.5±0.7 EMN, 19.8±14 EPC, 1.4:1 RC/N), Chirostoma lucius (1.2±1.3 EMN, 34.2±19 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N), Lepomis macrochirus (1.2±1.6 EMN, 10.3±19 EPC, 2.2:1 RC/N), Alloophorus robustus (1.0±1.5 EMN, 31.1±23 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis (0.8±1.2 EMN, 23.8±6.3 EPC, 1.6:1 RC/N), Chapalichthys encaustus (0.7±1.0 EMN, 44.6±28 EPC, 1.9:1 RC/N), Poeciliopsis infans (0.7±0.8 EMN, 12.4±4.4 EPC, 1.8:1 RC/N) y Goodea atripinnis (0.6±1.1 EMN, 11.7±5.7 EPC, 1.7:1 RC/N). Por el número de EMN espontáneos y la RC/N que se encontró en Xenotoca melanosoma y Oreochromis aureus se sugiere que estas especies son potenciales indicadoras biológicas de agentes genotóxicos

Micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en células de mucosa bucal como biomarcadores de genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad en personal expuesto a gases anestésicos

Associated damage to health during occupational exposition is a controvert issue. It has been reported either reproductive toxicity, affections to organs, cancer and genotoxicity. Objective: To evaluate micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities frequencies at epithelial mouth cells from people exposed to anesthetic gasses as genotoxicity and cytotoxicity markers. Methodology: We gathered a total of 164 epithelial mouth samples from 81 anesthesiologists from different Mexican Health clinics across, 43 health people not exposed and with no addictions and 40 patients receiving antineoplastic drugs. The survey included questions related with habits, work location and schedules and general data that could be related with results. Epithelial cell smears were obtained with gentle scraping, dried and fixed with 80% ethylic alcohol and stained with orcein and fast green. We analyzed 2,000 cells from each sample under microscope (100x) and counted for Micronucleated cells (CMN) and Nuclear abnormalities (AN) [Binucleated (CBN), Lobulated nucleus (NL), Karyorrhexis (CR), condensed chromatin (CC), Pyknosis (PN) and Karyolysis (CL)]. Results: Counts from anesthesiologists MN were statistically higher than not exposed [2.8(1.9)/ 0.7(0.7)/ 1,000 cells, (p: <0.001)]. No matter of exposition time, age or sex, 86% of the anesthesiologists presented micronucleus genotoxicity and the complement presented cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Occupational exposition to anesthetic gases at Mexican health clinics system induces genotoxic and cytotoxic damage been evident by the MN and AN count at mouth epithelial cells. We highly recommend increasing security measures.El daño a la salud asociado a exposición ocupacional de anestésicos es controversial, se ha encontrado toxicidad reproductiva, afección de órganos, cáncer y genotoxicidad. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en células de mucosa bucal de personal expuesto a gases, como marcadores de genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad. Métodología: Se colectaron 164 muestras de mucosa bucal de 81 anestesiólogos que laboraban en diferentes hospitales en México, 43 personas sanas no expuestas y sin toxicomanías, y 40 pacientes tratados con antineoplásicos. Se preguntó hábitos, lugar y horas de trabajo, sistemas de eliminación de gases del centro de trabajo y datos que podrían influir en los resultados. Se realizaron frotis de mucosa bucal mediante un raspado suave, se dejaron secar, se fijaron con etanol al 80% y se tiñeron con orceína y verde rápido. Al microscopio (100X), por muestra se analizaron 2,000 células, se identificaron células micronucleadas (CMN) y anormaliades nucleares (AN) [binucleadas (CBN), núcleo lobulado (NL), cariorrexis (CR), cromatina condensada (CC), picnosis (PN) y cariólisis (CL)]. Resultados: La frecuencia de CMN es mayor en anestesiólogos que en no expuestos, [2.8 (1.9)/ 0.7(0.7)/ 1,000 células, (p: <0.001)]. Independiente de tiempo de exposición, lugar de trabajo, edad o sexo, en el 86.4% de anestesiólogos se observó micronucleogenicidad y en el resto citotoxicidad. Conclusiones: La exposición ocupacional a gases anestésicos en el ambiente hospitalario mexicano induce daño genotóxico y citotóxico evidenciado por presencia de MN y AN en células exfoliadas de mucosa bucal, por ello se sugiere reforzar las medidas de seguridad

Estudio exploratorio de la genotoxicidad de vacunas recombinantes para tuberculosis bovina

BCG vaccine (Calmette-Guérin Bacillus) for bovine tuberculous control has a variable efficiency, been necessary to produce and evaluate new vaccines. Genotoxicity of two new recombinant antituberculous potential vaccines was evaluated in Holstein Freisan calves using micronucleated erythrocytes (EMN). Five treatments were analyzed: 1) Saline solution, 2) pVAX1 vector (CV), 3) Micobacterium bovis (Mv) type 1 vaccine (PE11 [VR1]), 4) type 2 (Mv) vaccine (PPE68 [VR2]) and 5) both VR1 & VR2 vaccines. Five blood samples were taken to each organism. First sample was taken before any treatment. Samples 2 to 4 were taken every 24 hours; the fifth sample was taken at day 90 postreatment. The samples were analyzed with microscope to obtain EMN/10,000 total erythrocytes. We observed a decrease at EMN, related to age increase of the organisms (Kruskal Wallis, 95%). A comparison with control group at the end of the treatments showed significant EMN reductions at VR2 and VR1&VR2 groups (P=0.02). It seems that the results show a cytoprotecting effect but also could be a masked myelosuppressive effect (cytotoxicity) because the EMN frequency decreases with myelosuppression. It is necessary to continue with studies with young organisms in order to confirm toxicityLa vacuna BCG (bacilo Calmette-Guérin) para el control de la tuberculosis bovina tiene eficacia variable y se requiere la generación y prueba de nuevas vacunas. Por ello se realizó un estudio exploratorio para evaluar la genotoxicidad de dos potenciales vacunas, recombinantes antituberculosa bovina en becerras Holstein Freisan de edad promedio de 9 meses, mediante eritrocitos micronucleados (EMN). Se formaron 5 grupos: 1) Solución salina, 2) El vector pVAX1 (Vector sin inserto), CV), 3) Vacuna Micobacterium bovis (M. bovis) tipo 1 (PE11 [VR1]), 4) Vacuna M. bovis tipo 2 (PPE68 [VR2]), 5) Ambas vacunas (VR1+VR2). A cada organismo se le tomaron 5 muestras de sangre: la primera previa al tratamiento, de la segunda a la cuarta muestra cada 24 horas y la 5ta a los 90 días postratamiento. Las muestras se analizaron con microscopía y se contabilizaron EMN/10,000 eritrocitos. Frecuencias de EMN disminuyeron con la edad (Kruskall Wallis, 95%). Al analizar los tratamientos con respecto al control se identificó menor valor de EMN en los grupos VR2 y en VR1+VR2 (P=0.02). Estos resultados, aparentan efecto citoprotector, no obstante, podría tratarse de efecto mielosupresor (citotóxico) enmascarado, ya que la frecuencia de EMN disminuye al haber mielodepresión. Para confirmar citotoxicidad se sugiere continuar el estudio en organismos más jóvenes

Respuesta climática de Pinus oocarpa Schiede Ex Schetol en el Bosque La Primavera, Jalisco

The Bosque la Primavera (BLP) is a natural preserve that provides environmental services for the metropolitan area of Guadalajara. Human activities, however, have altered its ecological stability. The objective was to analyze the interannual climate variability of dominant conifer Pinus oocarpa, a climate-sensitive species. Earlywood (EWI), latewood (LWI), and ring-width (RWI) chronologies 165 years in length (1850-2014) were developed for the BLP. The residual EWI chronology had a significant association (r = 0.775, p < 0.000) with seasonal October-May rainfall from neighbor weather stations, and a negative but significant response with January-June mean maximum temperature (r = -0.622, p < 0.000). The association between EWI and precipitation was used to build a linear model to reconstruct seasonal rainfall. The most severe and prolonged drought in the reconstruction took place from 1909 to 1925, but additional dry periods were present, i.e., 1850´s, 1890´s, 1950´s, 1990´s, and 2000´s. Most of these droughts have been observed in previous reconstructions for the region, suggesting the influence of atmospheric circulatory patterns such as ENSO. The rise in maximum temperature for the last three decades in the Guadalajara metropolitan area has induced a radial growth decrease of P. oocarpa, probably triggered by an increase in greenhouse gases. Increased maximum temperatures and reduced growth of the species is threatening its ecological stability and may put in risk the provision of vital environmental services for this metropolitan area.El Bosque La Primavera (BLP) es una reserva de importancia ecoturística y un proveedor de servicios ambientales para la metrópoli de Guadalajara. Sin embargo, las actividades humanas han alterado la estabilidad de sus ecosistemas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la variabilidad hidroclimática de la especie dominante Pinus oocarpa de alta sensibilidad climática. Cronologías de madera temprana (EWI), tardía (LWI) y de anillo total (RWI), con 165 años de extensión (1850-2014), se generaron para la especie en BLP. La serie residual EWI se correlacionó significativamente con la precipitación acumulada octubre-mayo (r = 0.775, p < 0.000), de estaciones climáticas aledañas a la reserva y se utilizó para una reconstrucción de precipitación; asimismo, se encontró una asociación negativa, pero significativa, entre temperatura máxima promedio en enero-junio y la serie EWI (r = -0.622, p < 0.000). La sequía más prolongada en la reconstrucción se detectó de 1909 a 1925, otras más como las de las décadas 1850, 1890, 1950, 1990 y 2000 se encuentran presentes en otras reconstrucciones climáticas para Jalisco, lo que es indicativo de la influencia de fenómenos de circulación general como El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO). El incremento en la temperatura máxima en las últimas tres décadas en el BLP ha afectado el crecimiento de la especie con una tendencia a reducirlo, situación que pone en riesgo la estabilidad de esta y de otras especies asociadas y, por ende, la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos a la metrópoli

Una región interpromotora incrementa la transcripción del gen argK, que codifica para la ornitina carbamoiltransferasa resistente a la faseolotoxina en Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, is the causal agent of halo blight on bean, a disease characterized by water soaked lesions surrounded by a chlorotic halo, which is produced by the action of phaseolotoxin, a nonhost-specific toxin optimally produced between 18°C to 20°C. To protect itself against phaseolotoxin, P. syringae pv. phaseolicola possesses a phaseolotoxin-resistant OCTase (ROCT) encoded by argK, which is expressed under conditions leading to the synthesis of phaseolotoxin. The promoter of argK is divergent to that of phtABC genes and both share an interpromoter region. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of the interpromoter region on argK transcription in P. syringae pv. phaseolicola. To this, deletions of the interpromoter region were made and argK expression was evaluated in an heterologous system. Also, the effect of multiple copies of the interpromoter region on phaseolotoxin production was determined. The obtained results showed that this region is necessary to enhance the transcription of argK. Additionally, this region in a multiple copies, interfered with the thermoregulation of phaseolotoxin at 28°C in strain P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121.Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, es el agente causal del tizón del halo del frijol, una enfermedad que se caracteriza por presentar lesiones acuosas rodeadas por un halo clorótico, el cual es producido por la acción de la faseolotoxina, una toxina no específica del hospedero, producida de manera óptima entre 18°C a 20°C. Para protegerse de su propia toxina, P. syringae pv. phaseolicola posee una ornitina carbamoyl-transferasa (OCTasa) resistente a la faseolotoxina (ROCT) codificada por argK, que es expresada bajo las condiciones de síntesis de la faseolotoxina. El promotor de argK es divergente al promotor de phtABC y ambos comparten una región interpromotora. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la función de la región interpromotora sobre la transcripción de argK en P. syringae pv. phaseolicola. Para esto, se llevaron a cabo deleciones de la región interpromotora y se evaluó la transcripción de argK en un sistema heterólogo. También se determinó el efecto de múltiples copias de la región interpromotora sobre la producción de la faseolotoxina. Los resultados obtenidos  mostraron que  esta región es necesaria para incrementar la transcripción de argK. Adicionalmente, cuando se ponen múltiples copias de esta región, se interfiere con la termorregulación de la faseolotoxina a 28°C en la cepa de P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121

Drug resistance phenotypes and genotypes in Mexico in representative gram-negative species: Results from the infivar network.

AimThis report presents phenotypic and genetic data on the prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and representative carbapenemases-producing Gram-negative species in Mexico.Material and methodsA total of 52 centers participated, 43 hospital-based laboratories and 9 external laboratories. The distribution of antimicrobial resistance data for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Acinetobacter baumannii complex, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in selected clinical specimens from January 1 to March 31, 2020 was analyzed using the WHONET 5.6 platform. The following clinical isolates recovered from selected specimens were included: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL or carbapenem-resistant E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii complex, and P. aeruginosa. Strains were genotyped to detect ESBL and/or carbapenemase-encoding genes.ResultsAmong blood isolates, A. baumannii complex showed more than 68% resistance for all antibiotics tested, and among Enterobacteria, E. cloacae complex showed higher resistance to carbapenems. A. baumannii complex showed a higher resistance pattern for respiratory specimens, with only amikacin having a resistance lower than 70%. Among K. pneumoniae isolates, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX were detected in 68.79%, 72.3%, and 91.9% of isolates, respectively. Among E. coli isolates, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX were detected in 20.8%, 4.53%, and 85.7% isolates, respectively. For both species, the most frequent genotype was blaCTX-M-15. Among Enterobacteriaceae, the most frequently detected carbapenemase-encoding gene was blaNDM-1 (81.5%), followed by blaOXA-232 (14.8%) and blaoxa-181(7.4%), in A. baumannii was blaOXA-24 (76%) and in P. aeruginosa, was blaIMP (25.3%), followed by blaGES and blaVIM (13.1% each).ConclusionOur study reports that NDM-1 is the most frequent carbapenemase-encoding gene in Mexico in Enterobacteriaceae with the circulation of the oxacillinase genes 181 and 232. KPC, in contrast to other countries in Latin America and the USA, is a rare occurrence. Additionally, a high circulation of ESBL blaCTX-M-15 exists in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit