Determination of fatty acids and volatile compounds in fruits of rosehip (Rosa l.) species by HS-SPME/GC-MS and IM-SPME/GC-MS techniques

In this study, we aimed to compare fatty acid and volatile compound compositions of four rosehip species, namely Rosa pimpinellifolia, R. villosa, R. canina, and R. dumalis, by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and headspace and immersion solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS and Im-SPME/GC-MS) techniques. The total lipid contents in fruits of the rosehip species varied from 5.83% (R. villosa) to 7.84% (R. dumalis). A total of 21 fatty acids were detected and quantified. In all species, except R. canina, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) predominated over saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Palmitic acid is the major SFA in R. villosa (5.50%), R. canina (8.27%), and R. dumalis (7.46%). Oleic acid is the most abundant MUFA, and linoleic and ?-linolenic acids are the most abundant PUFAs. Sixtytwo volatile compounds were detected by the HS-SPME/GC-MS technique, and 54 volatile compounds were determined by the Im- SPME/GC-MS technique. Fifty-three volatile components of rosehips have been detected for the first time in this study. While 19 acids, 9 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 18 alcohols, 5 esters, 2 terpenes, and 2 phenols were identified by HS-SPME/GC-MS, 20 acids, 5 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 13 alcohols, 5 esters, 1 terpene, and 2 phenols were identified by Im-SPME/GC-MS. The HS-SPME/GC-MS technique allowed identification of a larger number of volatile compounds and thus is more efficient than the Im-SPME/GC-MS technique. © TÜBİTAK

Chemical composition, volatiles, and antioxidant activity of Rosa iberica Stev. hips [Sklad chemiczny, zwiazki lotne oraz dzialanie antyoksydacyjne owoców Rosa iberica Stev]

Rosehip fruits have been known to contain significant amounts of bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds positively affect human health due to their antioxidant activities. This study aimed to analyze the total phenolic content (TPC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC), organic acids, total soluble solids (TSS), sugars, total dry matter (TDM), L-ascorbic acid content (AAC), total antioxidant capacity and volatile components present in R. iberica Stev. hips using spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Headspace and Immersion Solid Phase Micro Extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS and Im-GC/MS). TSS, TDM, AAC, acidity, TAC and TPC were found to be 27, 44.6%, 503.26 mg•100 g-1 frozen weight (FW), 2%, 2.50 mg • 100 g-1 FW, 2832.3 mg • 100 g-1 FW, respectively. The major acids detected in R. iberica Stev. hips were citric acid (0.62 g 100 g-1 FW) and malic acid (0.49 g • 100 g-1 FW) other detected acids included succinic acid (0.012 g • 100 g-1 FW) and fumaric acid (0.016 g • 100 g-1 FW). Total sugar content was 26.74 g • 100 g-1 FW, and glucose was the major sugar (9.35 g. • 100 g-1 FW), followed by fructose (8.58 g g • 100 g-1 FW), sorbitol (8.32 g • 100 g-1 FW), and very low quantities of sucrose (0.49 g • 100 g-1 FW). Twenty-five volatile components were identified using HS-GC/MS, and the major volatiles were 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol (20.35%), naphthalene (18.72%), ethanol (16.59%), nonanal (6.23%), acetic acid (4.39%), 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy (2.53%). Twenty-three volatile components of Rosa hips have been detected for the first time in this study. Twenty-eight components were identified by Im-GC/MS; however, fifteen of these components were determined to be different from those identified using HS-GC/MS. The FRAP value of hips was 38.55 mmol TE • g-1 FW and the ABTS value was 47.75 mmol TE • g-1FW. © Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie, Lublin 2016

Characterization of bioactive compounds in rosehip species from East Anatolia region of Turkey

The objective of this work was to determine some bioactive compounds for four different rosehip species (Rosa L.), growing in the East Anatolia region of Turkey. It was determined that the average fruit weights of the species varied between 9.8 g (R. dumalis) and 34.5 g (R. canina). The total soluble solids showed statistically significant variations among the rosehip species (14-22 °Brix). The acidity was inversely proportional to total soluble solids and ranged between 1.00% (R. canina) and 2.67% (R. villosa). The highest total phenolic, L- ascorbic acid contents and the highest total antioxidant capacity were found in R. canina. The total phenolic, total anthocyanin, total dry matter, and L-ascorbic acid contents and the total antioxidant capacity of the rosehip species ranged as follows 1081-6298 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, 2.43-3.72 mg/100 g, 40.1-56.7%, 24.93-754.48 mg/100 g, and 10.04-97.95 mmol trolox equivalent/g, respectively. Glucose was the most common sugar in Rosa species (5.99-12.48 g/100 g), the major organic acid in the rosehip species was citric acid (0.48-1.05 g/100 g). A dendogram based on some pomological and biochemical characteristics of the rosehip species were grouped into 2 main clusters. Findings on the biochemical characteristics of the species will provide insights to plant breeders/growers and for further research. © 2016, Chiriotti Editori. All rights reserved

Role of endogenous polyamines in the alternate bearing phenomenon in pistachio

Alternate bearing is a significant economic problem adversely affecting the producers, consumers, and economy of a country. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the physiological role of free polyamines (PAs) in fruit bud abscission of the Uzun pistachio variety, which has a strong alternate bearing tendency. The identification and quantification of PAs, such as putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm), at different physiological stages and in different organs, were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography. Putrescine was the major PA in all the organs of pistachio trees. Furthermore, the concentrations of Put and Spd in the leaves and shoots sharply declined and reached the minimal levels during the fruit bud abscission period (June), and then increased during the period of kernel development. The concentration of Put and Spd in the panicles increased gradually until the beginning of kernel growth and then decreased until harvest. The concentration of Spm exhibited a negative correlation between shoots and leaves, especially in the ‘On-year’ trees. There was a significant decrease in PAs in the leaves during the period of bud abscission in the ‘Off-year’ trees. In the ‘On-year’ trees, the concentration of PAs exhibited a negative correlation with the panicles, especially when the concentration of Put and Spd increased during the kernel development period, and then decreased. The concentration of PAs in the panicles of the ‘On-year’ trees was higher than that in the nuts, and it exhibited a negative correlation with that in the nuts. The results suggest that PAs might lead to physiological changes during the growth and development stages of pistachios, and a strong relationship was observed. © TÜBİTAK.This work was supported by grants from the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (No. TAGEM/BBAD/14/A10/P01) and Çukurova University Scientific Research Projects (Turkey) (ZF201113D23 and FBA-2017-8582)

Variation in volatile and fatty acid contents among Viburnum opulus L. Fruits growing different locations

This study aimed to compare fatty acid and volatile compound compositions of Viburnum opulus fruits grown at various locations at different altitudes of Turkey (Ardahan/Center, Sivas/Gemerk, Kayseri/Develi, Gumushane/Kelkit). The total lipid contents in fruits varied from 9.34 % (Ardahan) to 12.35 % (Gümüşhane). A total of ten fatty acids (lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), oleic acid (C 18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), ?-Linolenic acid(C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:0), gondoic acid (C20:1), behenic acid (C22:0), stearic acid (C18:0)) have been identified and quantified. The major fatty acids in all the samples were oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was found in Gümüşhane sample (18.14 %), while the lowest content was detected in Sivas (13.46 %). Unlike SFA, the highest unsaturated faty acid (UFA) content was determined in Sivas sample (87.01 %), while the lowest content was identified in Gümüşhane sample (82.26 %). We used headspace and immersion solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS and Im-SPME/GC–MS) techniques to identify the volatiles. 23 and 35 compounds were identified by the HS-SPME/GC–MS technique at 28 and 40 ?C, however, 44 and 38 compounds were detected by the Im-SPME/GC–MS technique at 28 and 40 ?C. Thirty volatile components of V.opulus fruits have been detected for the first time in this study. 3-methylbutanoic acid in Ardahan, Kayseri, Sivas samples, ethyl acetate in Sivas sample, 2-octanol in Gümüşhane sample, phenol in Ardahan sample are the main volatile compounds. Im-SPME/GC–MS technique allowed identification of a larger number of volatile compounds and thus is more efficient than the HS-SPME/GC–MS technique. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.FYL-2014-2651The authors thanked Cukurova University Research and Scientific Project Coordination Unit ( FYL-2014-2651 ) for their financial support

Effects of various calcium nitrate application on ester profiles of some strawberry cultivars

Strawberry production is increasing year by year in Turkey and commercial growing is done mostly using foreign cultivars. In our country, breeding programmes using aromatic local cultivars and some new cultivars such as 'Ebru', 'Sevgi' and 'Kaşka' were undertaken. However, the fruits firmness of these cultivars were not found satisfying as commercial ones. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the influence of calcium nitrate applications on the ester profiles of 'Osmanli', 'Camarosa', 'Sevgi', 'Ebru' and 'Kaşka'. For this purpose, the effect of various calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 (0 (control), 150, 300 and 450 mL 100 L-1) applications on ester profiles of those cultivars were measured by headspace-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS)

Comparison of volatile compounds of fresh Boletus edulis and B. pinophilus in Marmara region of Turkey

Boletus edulis and B. pinophilus are commonly consumed edible species of Boletus spp. in Turkey, which are also exported to some European countries. In this study, twenty-three volatile compounds were determined with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction / Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC/MS) in both B. edulis and B. pinophilus. 1- octen-3-ol (79.75), 2-octen-1-ol (13.18), 1-octen-3-one (2.52), (E)-2-octenal (1.21) in B. edulis and 1-octen-3-ol (55.97), 2- octen-1-ol (13.55), 3-octanone (7.43), (E)-2-octenal (6.79), 1-octen-3-one (5.80) and 1,7,7-trimethyl-heptan-2-one (2.04), 2- propenoic acid (1.95) and 1,3-octadiene (1.75) in B. pinophilus were identified as main volatile aroma compounds (%), respectively. The present study is the first report on the volatile constituents of B. edulis and B. pinophilus collected from Turkey

Aroma profiles of organically grown 'Benicia' and 'Albion' strawberries

Agroforestry has a lot in common with intercropping and its importance is increasing year by year due to the limited landscape. Together having two or more plant species (such as nitrogen-fixing plants) in close interaction, both provide multiple outputs, and, as a consequence, higher overall yields. Since a single application or input is shared, costs are reduced. Beyond these considerations, there are possibilities of getting rid of weeds and soilborne pests on a site before strawberries are planted. Due to the banning of methyl bromide application in the world, disease free and fruitful soils are becoming important, especially for organic strawberry growing. Aroma is one of the most important quality parameters of strawberries and plays an important role in consumer satisfaction and influences further consumption of fruits and foods. In this study, we aimed to detect aroma profiles of organically grown 'Albion' and 'Benicia' strawberry cultivars using HS/SPME/GC/MS (Headspace Solid Phase Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) strawberry intercropped with mulberry and cowpea

Evaluation of polyphenolic profile and antibacterial activity of pomegranate juice in combination with rifampin (R) against MDR-TB clinical isolates

PubMedID: 30854955Background: The global rise of multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis demands unconventional treatment to enhance the efficiency of current drugs. Punica granatum, which is known as pomegranate, is considered as a member of the Punicaceae family. Pomegranate, which is broadly documented for its activity against a wide spectrum of bacterial pathogens, deserves further scrutiny in this respect. Methods: Within this scope, this study investigated the effect of fresh pomegranate juice (FPJ) on the antibacterial activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs (Rifampin (R) and Isoniazid (INH)) against MDR-TB clinical isolates. The drug resistance profiles in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were determined by susceptibility test using BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Four concentrations of fresh pomegranate juice (FPJ) (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were evaluated in combination with R and INH at a dose range of (1.0 µg/ml) and (0.1 µg/ml), respectively against the MDR-TB isolates by the BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Moreover, this study scrutinized individual phenolic compounds of FPJ by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total anthocyanins content (TAC), and the antioxidant capacity were also assessed in FPJ. Results: Synergistic effects were observed between R and INH with FPJ against all tested strains. However, combination therapy of rifampin was more effective than isoniazid one. Therefore, the combination of R and FPJ has been used against (27) MDR-TB clinical isolates. 5% of FPJ plus R (1.0 µg/ml) were found to suppress the growth of one isolates for first group (INH and R resistant). However, 5% of FPJ demonstrated no synergistic impact with R for second (SM, R and INH resistant) and third group (INH, EMB, R and SM resistant). Moreover, 10% of FPJ and R (1.0 µg/ml) inhibited the bacterial growth of three isolates of first group and two isolates and one isolate for second and third group, respectively. Remarkably, 15% of FPJ plus R (1.0 µg/ml) appeared to inhibit the growth of MDR-TB isolates for all tested groups indicating a strong synergistic effect. Regarding H37RV, the complete inhibition of the bacterial growth was found to occur at 15% and 20% concentrations of FPJ only. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FPJ ranged from (4% to13%) for first group and from (10% to15%) for second and third group. Thus, FPJ at 15% inhibited 100% of bacteria for all tested isolates (MIC100% =15%). Phenolic compounds identified in FPJ were gallic acid, benzoic acid, syringic, folic acid, pelargonidin, naringin+ellagic acid, naringenin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, cyanidin-3-glycoside, p-cummaric acid, ferulic acid, and rutin. Total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), and total anthocyanin (TA) content were 841.5 mg/L, 638.73 mg RE/L, and 47.43 mg/L, accordingly. © 2019 Bentham Science Publishers

Detection of bud abscission of pistachio via histological analysis

Alternate bearing is a very widespread phenomenon occurring in both deciduous and evergreen trees. Alternate bearing, also known as irregular bearing, is the phenomenon by which trees bear an irregular crop year after year, usually heavy yields ("ON" year) which are followed by light ("OFF") ones. Generally, the presence of fruit is the key factor controlling flower initiation. Bud abscission caused by alternate bearing phenomena is one of the most important problems in pistachio also. In Turkey, due to the abscission of inflorescence buds, alternate bearing occurs especially on commercially grown 'Uzun' pistachio severely. In 'Uzun' pistachio fruit production fluctuates between an "on" year of high yields and an "off" year of low yields. As far as we know there are very limited papers previously published on histological analysis on pistachio related to flower bud abscission. Therefore, in this study it was aimed to detect the beginning of the flower bud abscission time on 'Uzun' pistachio by histological methods. For this purpose, "on" and "off" year of flower buds of 'Uzun' pistachio cultivar was used as experimental materials. The paraffin sectioning method used for detection of the abscission layer formation period. © 2018 ISHS